Nanomaterials as a new frontier platform: metal-doped and hybrid carbon dots as enzyme mimics for environmental applications

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dc.contributor.authorYousaf, Aiman
dc.contributor.authorImran, Muhammad
dc.contributor.authorFarooq Warsi, Muhammad
dc.contributor.authorAlsafari, Ibrahim A.
dc.contributor.authorKhan, Farhan A.
dc.contributor.authorParra-Saldívar, Roberto
dc.contributor.authorGutiérrez-Soto, Guadalupe
dc.contributor.authorIqbal, Hafiz M. N.
dc.date.accessioned2025-06-02T09:30:20Z
dc.date.available2025-06-02T09:30:20Z
dc.date.freetoread2025-06-02
dc.date.issued2025-01-01
dc.date.pubOnline2025-04-25
dc.description.abstractEnvironmental pollution has become an inexorable problem for the planet Earth. The precise detection and degradation of heavy metals, pesticides, industrial-, pharmaceutical- and personal care- products is needed. Nanotechnology holds great promise in addressing global issues. Over the past decades, nanozymic nanomaterials have exceptionally overcome the intrinsic limitations of natural enzymes. Carbon dots (CDs) exhibit unique structures, surface properties, high catalytic activities, and low toxicity. Different techniques, such as doping or surface passivation, can enhance these exceptional properties. Doping modifies CDs’ electronic, magnetic, optical, and catalytic properties considerably. Metal doping, a more significant strategy, involves the introduction of metallic impurities, which offer insight into enhancing the physicochemical properties of CDs. Metal-doped CDs exhibit higher optical absorbance and catalytic performance than pristine CDs. The literature shows that researchers have utilized various synthetic approaches to fabricate CDs-Metal nanozymes. Researchers have reported the metal-doped and hybrid CDs’ peroxidase, catalase, laccase, and superoxide dismutase-like activities. These metal-doped nanozymes put forward substantial environmental remediations and applications such as sensing, photocatalytic degradation, adsorption, and removal of environmental contaminants. This review thoroughly discussed the metal-based functionalization of CDs, the enzyme-like properties, and the ecological applications of metal-doped and hybrid enzymes. The review also presents the current novelties, remaining challenges, and future directions with key examples.
dc.description.journalNameFrontiers in Materials
dc.identifier.citationYousaf A, Imran M, Farooq Warsi M, et al., (2025) Nanomaterials as a new frontier platform: metal-doped and hybrid carbon dots as enzyme mimics for environmental applications. Frontiers in Materials, Volume 12, April 2025, Article number 1553214
dc.identifier.eissn2296-8016
dc.identifier.elementsID673079
dc.identifier.issn2296-8016
dc.identifier.paperNo1553214
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2025.1553214
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/23952
dc.identifier.volumeNo12
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherFrontiers
dc.publisher.urihttps://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2025.1553214/full
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectcarbon dots
dc.subjectrobust materials
dc.subjectfunctional attributes
dc.subjectefficient catalysis
dc.subjectenzyme mimics
dc.subjectremediation
dc.subject40 Engineering
dc.subjectBioengineering
dc.subjectNanotechnology
dc.subject4016 Materials engineering
dc.subject5104 Condensed matter physics
dc.titleNanomaterials as a new frontier platform: metal-doped and hybrid carbon dots as enzyme mimics for environmental applications
dc.typeArticle
dc.type.subtypeReview
dcterms.dateAccepted2025-03-31

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