Effectiveness of grease interceptors in food service establishments for controlling fat, oil and grease deposition in the sewer system

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dc.contributor.authorSultana, Nilufa
dc.contributor.authorRoddick, Felicity
dc.contributor.authorJefferson, Bruce
dc.contributor.authorGao, Li
dc.contributor.authorBergmann, David
dc.contributor.authorPapalois, Jim
dc.contributor.authorGuo, Mike
dc.contributor.authorTzimourtas, Kyriakos
dc.contributor.authorPramanik, Biplob Kumar
dc.date.accessioned2024-02-28T14:58:50Z
dc.date.available2024-02-28T14:58:50Z
dc.date.issued2023-12-20
dc.description.abstractThe water industry worldwide experiences numerous sewer blockages each year, partially attributed to the accumulation of fat, oil and grease (FOG). Managing this issue involves various strategies, including the requirement for installation of grease interceptors (GIs) installation. However, the claimed efficacy of commercial GIs of eliminating 99 % of FOG has been questioned for many years because FOG deposit formation occurs despite food service establishments (FSEs) using GIs, therefore detailed understanding of FOG wastewater compositions and its removal by GIs is required. This study provides an insight into the key FOG components such as FOG particle size, metals and fatty acid (FA) profile in GI influent and effluent, and within the GI, at three different FSEs. Analysis of FAs identified substantial proportions of extra-long-chain FAs in the effluents, including arachidic (C20:0), behenic (C22:0), mead (C20:3), lignoceric (C24:0), and nervonic (C24:1) acids. In contrast, the household kitchen released palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acids. It was further observed that scums effectively remove the larger FOG particles, leaving only 10 % below 75.4 μm. Notably, FSEs which employed automatic dishwashers produced up to 80.4 % of particles ≤45 μm, whereas FSEs and household kitchen which used handwash sinks generated only 36.9 % and 26.3 % of particles ≤45 μm, respectively. This study demonstrated that the commercial GIs do not remove FOG entirely but clearly demonstrated that they discharge high concentrations of FOG with extra-long FFAs which were attributed to the occurrence of microbial activity and hydrolysis of triglycerides within the GI, potentially contributing to FOG deposition.en_UK
dc.identifier.citationSultana N, Roddick F, Jefferson B, et al., (2023) Effectiveness of grease interceptors in food service establishments for controlling fat, oil and grease deposition in the sewer system. Science of the Total Environment, Volume 912, February 2024, Article number 169441en_UK
dc.identifier.issn0048-9697
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169441
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/20899
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherElsevieren_UK
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/*
dc.subjectFaten_UK
dc.subjectOil and greaseen_UK
dc.subjectGrease interceptoren_UK
dc.subjectFood service establishmentsen_UK
dc.subjectFatty acidsen_UK
dc.subjectAnd particle sizesen_UK
dc.titleEffectiveness of grease interceptors in food service establishments for controlling fat, oil and grease deposition in the sewer systemen_UK
dc.typeArticleen_UK
dcterms.dateAccepted2023-12-15

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