Optimal energy management for formula-E cars with regulatory limits and thermal constraints

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dc.contributor.authorLiu, Xuze
dc.contributor.authorFotouhi, Abbas
dc.contributor.authorAuger, Daniel J.
dc.date.accessioned2020-09-14T13:43:58Z
dc.date.available2020-09-14T13:43:58Z
dc.date.freetoread2021-09-14
dc.date.issued2020-09-13
dc.description.abstractIn this paper, novel solutions are proposed for energy and thermal management in Formula-E cars using optimal control theory. Optimal control techniques are used to optimize net energy consumption (accounting for loss-reductions from energy recovery from regenerative braking) to achieve minimal lap time which is a crucial element in developing a competitive race strategy in Formula E races. A thermal battery model is used to impose thermal constraints on the optimal energy management strategy in order to realistically capture working constraints during a race. The effects of energy and thermal constraints on the proposed strategy are then demonstrated and two different pedal lifting techniques were introduced. Both the current second generation and a concept third generation type of formula-E cars are studied and compared. While third generation is significantly more efficient with 10% to 30% less energy consumption, it potentially faces more critical thermal issues with more than 60% more heat generation.en_UK
dc.identifier.citationLiu X, Fotouhi A, Auger DJ. (2020) Optimal energy management for formula-E cars with regulatory limits and thermal constraints. Applied Energy, Volume 279, December 2020, Article number 115805en_UK
dc.identifier.cris27971285
dc.identifier.issn0306-2619
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115805
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/15797
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherElsevieren_UK
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/*
dc.subjectthermal managementen_UK
dc.subjectenergy managementen_UK
dc.subjectlap time simulationen_UK
dc.subjectoptimal controlen_UK
dc.subjectFormula-E caren_UK
dc.titleOptimal energy management for formula-E cars with regulatory limits and thermal constraintsen_UK
dc.typeArticleen_UK

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