School of Applied Sciences (SAS) (2006-July 2014)
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Browsing School of Applied Sciences (SAS) (2006-July 2014) by Type "Article (Literature review, Editorial)"
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Item Open Access Nanostructured thin films and coatings(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2008-12-31T00:00:00Z) Xiao, P.; Dorey, Robert A.Item Open Access Proceedings of the first meeting of the Operational Research (OR) Society's Special Interest Group on Agriculture and Natural Resources (SIG-ANR)(Cambridge University Press, 2010-04-30T00:00:00Z) Sandars, D. L.This group, which represents the reformed Operational Research (OR) Society's Agriculture and Related Industries group (http://www.orsoc.org.uk), promotes the use of OR (or the application of the scientific method) in solving management and governance problems within this sector. The theme of this meeting was to look at models concerned with making better decisions for the management or governance of the agricultural and natural resource industries. This first one day meeting was at Reading University, Berkshire, UK on the 2 April when the following papers were read.Item Open Access Proceedings of the Fourth Meeting of the EURO Working Group on Operational Research (OR) in Agriculture and Forest Management (EWG-ORAFM)(Cambridge University Press, 2009-04-27T00:00:00Z) Sandars, D. L.; Pla, L. M.The current paper will survey how things have changed over nearly 50 years of OR applied to agriculture. The first ‘OR group’ was set up at the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering by Dan Boyce in 1969 and is now at Cranfield University. The current paper will examine how, and what, factors have influenced the type of work and the methods used. What applications have stood the test of time and what are just distant memories in paper publications?Item Open Access Production and quality assurance of solid recovered fuels using Mechanical- Biological Treatment (MBT) of waste: a comprehensive assessment(Taylor & Francis, 2010-12-01T00:00:00Z) Velis, C. A.; Longhurst, Philip J.; Drew, Gillian H.; Smith, Richard; Pollard, Simon J. T.The move from disposal-led waste management to resource management demands an ability to map flows of the properties of waste. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of how mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) plants, and the unit processes that comprise them, perform in relation to management of material flows, while transforming inputs into output fractions. Focus is placed on the properties relating to the quality of MBT-derived fuels. Quality management initiatives for refuse-derived fuels (RDF) or solid recovered fuels (SRF) are reviewed and SRF quality from MBT plants is assessed through a statistical analysis of published data. This can provide a basis for a targeted reduction in pollution load from solid MBT outputs and subsequent end-user emissions. Our analysis, among else, (1) verifies the difficulty of chemical separation solely by mechanical means; (2) illustrates the trade-off between achieving a high quality of recoverable outputs and the quantity/properties of reject material; and (3) indicates that SRF quality could respond to legislative requirements and market needs, if specific improvements (reduction of Cl, Cu, and Pb content) are achieved. Further research could enhance the confidence in the ability of MBT plants to produce a quality-assured SRF suitable for specific end-users, without contradicting the wider requirement for an overall sustainable management of resources.Item Open Access Research sponsorship(2011-03-31T00:00:00Z) Ramsden, Jeremy J.Item Open Access A review of literature and computer models on exposure assessment(Taylor & Francis, 2009-12-31T00:00:00Z) Butt, T. E.; Clark, M.; Coulon, Frederic; Oduyemi, K. O. K.At the present time, risk analysis is an effective management tool used by environmental managers to protect the environment from inevitable anthropogenic activities. There are generic elements in environmental risk assessments, which are independent of the subject to which risk analysis is applied. Examples of these elements are: baseline study, hazard identification, hazards' concentration assessment and risk quantification. Another important example of such generic elements is exposure assessment, which is required in a risk analysis process for landfill leachate as it would in any other environmental risk issue. Furthermore, computer models are also being developed to assist risk analysis in different fields. However, in the review of current computer models and literature, particularly regarding landfills, the authors have found no evidence for the existence of a holistic exposure assessment procedure underpinned with a computational method for landfill leachate. This paper, with reference to the relevant literature and models reviewed, discusses the extent to which exposure assessment is absent in landfill risk assessment approaches. The study also indicates a number of factors and features that should be added to the exposure assessment system in order to render it more strategic, thereby enhancing the quantitative risk analysis.Item Open Access A review of the practice and achievements from 50 years of applying OR to agricultural systems in Britain(Palgrave Journals: OR Insight, 2009) Audsley, Eric; Sandars, Daniel L.This paper will survey how things have changed over nearly 50 years of operational research (OR) applied to agriculture. The first ‘OR group' was set up at the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering by Dan Boyce in 1969 and is now at Cranfield University. It will examine how, and what, factors have influenced the type of work and the methods used. What applications have stood the test of time and what are just distant memories in paper publications? It will show that agricultural OR has moved on from its early beginnings in agriculture in applying OR techniques with simple analyses, to using and creating complex computer models. While it might be described as alive, it clearly needs to identify itself and its specific contribution to analysing decisions, to set it apart from the ‘anyone can simulate and optimize using a computer'. The skill of holistic systems modelling of combinations of processes at the decision-maker level is as important as the ability to use techniques.Item Open Access Rotordynamic Faults: Recent advances in diagnosis and prognosis(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2013-01-21T00:00:00Z) Walker, Ryan B.; Perinpanayagam, Suresh; Jennions, Ian K.Diagnosis and condition monitoring in rotating machinery has been a subject of intense research for the last century. Recent developments indicate the drive towards integration of diagnosis and prognosis algorithms in future Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) systems. With this in mind, this paper concentrates on highlighting some of the latest research in common faults in rotating machines. Eight key faults have been described; the selected faults include unbalance, misalignment, rub/looseness, fluid-induced instability, bearing failure, shaft cracks, blade cracks and shaft bow. Each of these faults has been detailed with regards to sensors, fault identification techniques, localization, prognosis and modelling. The intent of the paper is to highlight the latest technologies pioneering the drive towards next generation IVHM systems for rotating machinery.