School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing (SATM)

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Browsing School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing (SATM) by Supervisor "Aria, Adrianus Indrat"

Now showing 1 - 5 of 5
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    Development of NI3AL corrosion resistant coatings for SS347 heat storage components in presence of molten nitrate salt.
    (Cranfield University, 2020-07) Yasir, Sarah; Aria, Adrianus Indrat; Endrino, José L.
    Climate change is an inevitable global issue with long term consequences for the sustainable development. It is a crucial time to review this climate issue with ensured determination. There is a need and demand for alternative sources to generate power rather than the conventional burning of fuels due to impact on environment. Renewable energy sources are those natural reserves that are refilled continually, including wind, solar, biomass and geothermal. A number of technologies have been developed to use solar energy for power generation. Among them, an important feature of concentrated solar power plants is the potential to incorporate thermal storage. Thermal energy storage allows generation beyond sunset and in times of cloud cover. Several possibilities for heat transfer fluid and thermal energy storage have been identified. From a wide range of materials, molten nitrate salt is selected because of adequate heat storage and transfer capability. Different approaches to prolong life by suppressing corrosion have been suggested in the literature, coating is a promising option because coatings are believed to provide shield to suppress corrosion. Among different coatings, nickel aluminide has been claimed to possess high-temperature mechanical strength and it has a remarkable oxidation resistance performance as substrate component. Moreover, nickel aluminide has low solubility in the molten nitrate salt. Ni₃Al coatings are much preferred to be used as corrosion resistant coatings as they possess strength at high temperature, oxidation protection and creep properties. Among different deposition techniques, plasma spray has been identified as most applicable because it is versatile, adaptable, cost effective. It also has high deposition rate, deposition efficiency and less environmental impact, more importantly it is easy to scale up. Corrosion behaviour of stainless steel 347 (SS347) and Ni₃Al coated SS347 was investigated in molten nitrate salt (60wt% NaNO₃ + 40wt% KNO₃) immersion at 565oC for 500 hours intervals up to 3000 hours. A growth of stratified oxide layers was observed on SS347 sample surface comprising of NaFeO₂ , Fe₂ O₃ and Fe₃O₄ . The Ni₃Al coated SS347 samples were observed to undergo rapid oxidation within first 500 hours. Apparent Mass change for bare SS347 was 4 mg/cm²/yr, equivalent to oxide growth rate of ~ 5 µm/yr. Mass change for Ni₃Al coated SS347 was 29.8 mg/cm²/yr, equivalent to oxide growth rate of ~ 44.6 μm/yr for first 500 hours and 0.5 mg/cm²/yr, equivalent to oxide growth rate of ~ 0.7 μm/yr for 500 to 3000 hours. The results presented in this study suggest that Ni3Al coating supresses the formation of oxide layers on the surface of stainless- steel substrates and can be used to suppress corrosion in presence of molten nitrate salts. The fact, that Ni₃Al coated SS347 gives mass change of one order of magnitude lower than the bare SS347, it means that these coatings can be used to prolong the lifetime of bare SS347 in molten nitrate salt at 565oC, which is of relevance to thermal energy storage applications. The Engineering Doctorate portfolio is structured as an innovation report and five submissions. A personal profile and a report on international industrial placement are also included in the portfolio.
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    Physicochemical and nanomechanical behaviour of 3d printed pegda hydrogel structures for tissue engineering applications
    (Cranfield University, 2023-03) Hakim Khalili, Mohammad; Impey, Susan A.; Aria, Adrianus Indrat; Goel, Saurav
    Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels are well established in tissue engineering and organ-on-chip applications as scaffolds for 3D templates in aqueous environments due to their high water content, biocompatibility and low toxicity. The versatility of PEGDA hydrogels as a platform for cell encapsulation and tissue engineering is attributed to their ability to be modified in various ways, including concentration, molecular weight, and polymerisation technique. Since properties of the PEGDA host material will affect the functionality of the cells and tissues, and vice versa, a key missing feature of the currently developed screening solutions is the lack of proper understanding of the behaviour of the 3D printed PEGDA soft support structures holding living tissues in a dynamic human like tissue microenvironment. Thus, the aim of this research is to demonstrate repeatability and reliability in the measurement of physicochemical and nanomechanical properties of multilayer 3D printed UV crosslinked PEGDA hydrogels for use in organ-on-chip devices. The research offers insights into long term stability of hydrogels through studying how changes in both environmental and printing parameters can be extrapolated to other biomaterials for benefit of other tissue engineering applications. Recent advancements in the use of PEGDA hydrogels for tissue engineering are reviewed, with a focus on bulk cross-linking and 3D printing synthesis methods. Characterisation methods for 3D printed PEGDA hydrogels are also discussed. The current state of development of biomedical applications, particularly in organ on-chip devices, is highlighted. The thermal response of multilayer PEGDA hydrogels made using in-house projection lithography was compared to monolithic hydrogels created through bulk photo-cross-linking. The results indicated that the volume of multilayer PEGDA hydrogels changes in response to the temperature with dimensional change between +10% and -11.5%, and also displaying an anisotropic characteristic where the axial dimensional change was higher than the lateral dimension. The results also confirmed the swelling behaviour to be reversible between 8 and 45 °C. The nanomechanical properties of monolithic and multilayer PEGDA hydrogels fabricated through bulk cross linking and layer-by-layer projection lithography were studied. The findings showed that an increase in the number of layers results variation in axial elastic modulus between 1.69 and 0.67 MPa. Additionally, the research examines the structural heterogeneity of 3D printed hydrogels which is linked to the degree of cross-linking of the printed layers and showed variations in lateral elastic modulus between 2.8 and 11.9 kPa. The results suggest that by controlling the cross linking throughout the 3D printed structure, the surface nanomechanical properties of the hydrogels can be manipulated to direct cell attachment and adhesion in specific regions within the structure, offering potential for future improvement in the reproducibility and reliability of 3D printed hydrogels for tissue engineering and organ-on-chip applications.
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    Revitalization of the embroidery industry using advanced technology in Saudi Arabia
    (Cranfield University, 2020-02) Algamdy, Hind Mosfeer; Khan, Muhammad Ali; Aria, Adrianus Indrat
    The purpose of this study was to revitalize the traditional embroidery industry of the Hejaz region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) by evaluating the possibility of using advanced technology, such as three-dimensional printing (3DP), in its manufacturing process. A mixed method methodology underpins this research in terms of collecting, processing and testing the data. An initial literature review revealed that factors such as an inability to meet current fashion trends, threats from global brands, lack of support from government and insufficient consumer interest are key challenges facing the traditional embroidery industry. Further qualitative evaluation pinpointed a lack of development in the manufacturing techniques of traditional embroidered clothing in the KSA as a key threat. An evaluation of existing technologies revealed that embroidery sewing machines attached to computer-aided design (CAD) software is the technology currently in use in the industry. However, due to inflexibility in adjusting to the demands of customization, it has not been able to mark any significant change. To this end, the current study proposed the use of the 3DP technique in the manufacturing process of traditional embroidered clothing but found that although 3DP has been used in the fashion industry, its use has been questioned because of wearability and quality concerns. An evaluation of responses collected from 16 manufacturers attending the Souq Okaz Festival in the city of Taif, along with 45 responses from customers of traditional embroidered clothing in three different universities in the KSA, found that both sets of stakeholders showed concerns regarding the wearability of 3DP garments. The manufacturers also shared their concerns regarding the ease of use of the technology. As a backdrop to these findings, two experiments were conducted: a washing test and a peel tensile test. The washing test revealed that 3DP embroidery designed and printed on silk, cotton and organza showed no impact from washing upon their brightness, roughness, shape or edge. However, the peel test revealed that, due to its irregular texture and shape, organza showed inconsistent adhesion of 3DP material comparative to cotton and silk. This led to the conclusion that 3DP embroidery objects present good long-term wearability, as long as the printing parameters are set up to meet the fabric architecture. Suitability, acceptability and feasibility in relation to the financial, human resource (ease of use) and supply chain aspects of 3DP embroidery clothing were also substantiated.
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    Self-healing mechanism in polymer composite materials
    (Cranfield University, 2022-09) Almutairi, Mohammed; Khan, Muhammad Ali; Aria, Adrianus Indrat
    The current self-healing mechanisms are still a long way from being fully implemented, and most published studies have only shown successful damage repair at the laboratory level. The complex nature of these mechanisms makes it difficult to implement them in real-life situations where the component or structure must continue to function. For complete healing, a molecular-level chemical reaction is required with the aid of external stimuli such as heating, light, and temperature change. Existing self-healing mechanisms are almost impossible to implement in critical applications such as 3D-printed products due to the requirements of external stimulations and reactions. The objective of this research is to investigate the strain release behaviour during crack growth of polymeric beams under elastic loads for self-healing. The mechanical behaviour of polymer components has been studied for many years, and their basic features are well understood. In this study, the elastic and plastic responses of 3D-printed beams made of Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), and thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) were investigated under different bending loads. Two types of 3D-printed beams were designed to test their elastic and plastic responses under different bending loads. These responses were used to develop an innovative self-healing mechanism based on origami capsules that can be triggered by crack propagation due to strain release in a structure. The origami capsules, made of TPU in the form of a cross with four small beams either folded or elastically deformed, were embedded in a simple ABS beam. When crack propagation occurred in the ABS beam, the strain was released, causing the TPU capsule to unfold with the arms of the cross in the direction of the crack path. This increased the crack resistance of the ABS beam, which was validated in a delamination test of a double cantilever specimen under quasi-static load conditions. The results showed the potential of the proposed self-healing mechanism as a novel contribution to existing practises primarily based on external healing agents. The self-healing mechanism of TPU and TPE origami capsules has been demonstrated and reported for the first time. These materials achieved a good balance of mechanical strength and self-healing ability. A thicker beam structure tends to yield higher strain energy than do low thickness values for the beam. Since the strain energy release is dependent on how much cracking has propagated, so the higher strain release from the DCB TPU star and roll contributes to the rate at which crack propagation extends.
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    The influence of microscopic features on the self-cleaning ability of 3D printed fabric-like structures
    (Cranfield University, 2022-09) Atwah, Ayat Adnan; Khan, Muhammad Ali; Aria, Adrianus Indrat
    Self-cleaning surfaces are getting significant attention within multiple scientific and industrial fields. Especially for textile fabrics, it is observed that self-cleaning textile fabric surfaces are created by manipulating the surface features with the help of coatings and nanoparticles, which are considered costly and far more complicated. However, the exploration of the potential for self-cleaning by controlling the fabrication parameters of textile fabrics at the microscopic level has not been addressed. The purpose of this study was to establish the context of self-cleaning textile fabrics by controlling the fabrication parameters of the fabric at the microscopic level. The control of the fabrication parameters is not easy in conventional fabric manufacturing techniques. Due to this reason, most textile fabrics use surface coating methods for self-cleaning features. The current evolution in 3D printed technology provides an opportunity to control the fabrication parameters during fabric manufacturing and generate self- cleaning features at the woven structural level. This study focuses on the possibility of developing a 3D-printed self-cleaning textile fabric using different printing parameters. It also identifies the significance of the fabric’s microscopic features, such as porosity, surface roughness, and wettability, along with the aesthetic look after optimizing these features. Further, the influence of these features on mechanical strength at the fabric woven structure level was tested. The optimization of printing parameters was modelled to identify the optimum self-cleaning properties for the 3D-printed specimens and the validation model was accomplished under a set of experimental methods. The study includes the combination of three printing parameters: layer height (LH) (0.15, 0.13, 0.10 𝑚𝑚) and extruder width (EW) (0.5, 0.4, 0.3 𝑚𝑚), along with two different angular printing orientations (O) (45 ° and 90 °). The other parameters, such as nozzle temperature (℃), print speed (𝑚𝑚/𝑠), and infill density (%), remained constant for all the samples. Three different thermoplastic flexible filaments printing materials are used: thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU 98A), thermoplastic elastomers (TPE felaflex), and thermoplastic co-polyester (TPC flex45). The 162 prepared samples are tested based on an experimental scheme to evaluate the self-cleaning ability. The microscopic features (porosity, roughness, and wettability) which are mainly responsible for this ability, are measured and recorded to evaluate and compare the best values for self- cleaning between the three chosen materials. The data are analysed to define the optimal self-cleaning number. Lastly, the experimental outputs are used in analytical calculations to find the relationship between changes in printing parameters and microscopic features. The study revealed that the printing parameters significantly affect the self- cleaning properties when optimizing the selection of the process parameter combination of layer height, extruder width, and printing orientation. The study successfully created a linear regression model to demonstrate the relationship between 3D printing parameters (layer height, extruder width, and orientation) and the self-cleaning microscopic features of the 3D-printed polymeric textile fabrics. It also identified that the (TPE) has a better self-cleaning ability than the other two materials.