Browsing by Author "Moreno, Mariale"
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Item Open Access Can re-distributed manufacturing and digital intelligence enable a regenerative economy? An integrative literature review(Springer, 2016-04-04) Moreno, Mariale; Charnley, FionaThis paper uses an integrative literature review to explore the concept of re-distributed manufacturing and the opportunities to deliver more regenerative and resilient systems of production and consumption through the application of circular innovation. The study identified multiple similarities between the drivers of re-distributed and circular models of production and consumption that could be fostered by the use of digital intelligence. A set of criteria for redistributed manufacturing and circular innovation were developed and used to identify 33 existing case studies of consumer goods production. Case study analysis resulted in the identification of three types of re-distributed manufacturing that integrated characteristics of circular innovation. The paper concludes by describing some of the future research challenges in the transition towards re-distributed and circular models of production.Item Open Access A conceptual framework for circular design(MDIP, 2016-09-13) Moreno, Mariale; De los Rios, Carolina; Rowe, Zoe O.; Charnley, FionaDesign has been recognised in the literature as a catalyst to move away from the traditional model of take-make-dispose to achieve a more restorative, regenerative and circular economy. As such, for a circular economy to thrive, products need to be designed for closed loops, as well as be adapted to generate revenues. This should not only be at the point of purchase, but also during use, and be supported by low-cost return chains and reprocessing structures, as well as effective policy and regulation. To date, most academic and grey literature on the circular economy has focused primarily on the development of new business models, with some of the latter studies addressing design strategies for a circular economy, specifically in the area of resource cycles and design for product life extension. However, these studies primarily consider a limited spectrum of the technical and biological cycles where materials are recovered and restored and nutrients (e.g., materials, energy, water) are regenerated. This provides little guidance or clarity for designers wishing to design for new circular business models in practice. As such, this paper aims to address this gap by systematically analysing previous literature on Design for Sustainability (DfX) (e.g., design for resource conservation, design for slowing resource loops and whole systems design) and links these approaches to the current literature on circular business models. A conceptual framework is developed for circular economy design strategies. From this conceptual framework, recommendations are made to enable designers to fully consider the holistic implications for design within a circular economy.Item Open Access Consumer Driven New Product Development in Future Re-Distributed Models of Sustainable Production and Consumption(Cranfield University, 2017-03-10 16:19) Isaev, Samet; Makatsoris, Harris; Moreno, Mariale; Jreissat, MohannadThe customer as co-creator of products is a grand challenge the entire consumer products manufacturing industry is facing. The design, manufacture and delivery of mass personalized customer products are critical important for economically and sustainable production. Wedemonstrated a model-based methodology and manufacturing process development for large scale beverage product customization.An orange beverage has been selected as case study to show that by linking a game-like consumer facing we b application and a novel computer driven flow manufacturing system. First we obtained the target sensory attributes from consumer groups, those data rapidly translated into a new formulation recipe and its manufacturing process of a beverage that meets those needs and prototyped for that consumer group to evaluate. This platform is web application under development by the Harris Makatsoris research group. Workshops were organised to collect data by theHarris Makatsoris research group at Cranfield University.Item Open Access Consumer driven new product development in future re-distributed models of sustainable production and consumption(Elsevier, 2017-07-11) Jreissat, Mohannad; Isaev, Svetlin; Moreno, Mariale; Makatsoris, CharalamposThe customer as co-creator of products is a grand challenge the entire consumer products manufacturing industry is facing. The design, manufacture and delivery of mass personalised consumer products must not only meet customer preferences but must be produced economically and sustainably too. Re-Distributed Manufacturing (RDM) has the potential to disrupt the way products are designed, produced and consumed products across their entire lifecycle and will allow the creation of disruptive business models and entirely new supply chain structures. New structures of design and manufacturing can enable large reductions in resource consumption by limiting waste in a supply chain (e.g. reducing transport distances) and through addressing the flows of resources at critical times in the lifecycle of products. It can also enable reduction of R&D waste by enabling a more targeted delivery of custom products to meet specific user needs and demands in different contexts and across extended timespans of the product lifecycle. Few manufacturers have started experimenting with open innovation to address the two manufacturing challenges of: (i) the ability to identify rapidly the needs and preferences of different market segments; (ii) the ability to respond quickly and flexibly to those. This paper demonstrates a model-based methodology and information technology to engage consumers at large scales to drive new product and manufacturing process development to address these challenges. An orange beverage has been selected to show that by linking a game-like consumer facing web application and a novel computer driven flow manufacturing system, target sensory attributes obtained by consumer groups can be rapidly translated into a new formulation recipe and its manufacturing process of a beverage that meets those needs and prototyped for that consumer group to evaluate. One can then envisage future scenarios where formulated consumer products are rapidly co-created and produced serving the needs of localised markets.Item Open Access Consumer Intervention Mapping—A tool for designing future product strategies within circular product service systems(MDPI, 2018-06-19) Sinclair, Matt; Sheldrick, Leila; Moreno, Mariale; Dewberry, EmmaRe-distributed manufacturing presents a number of opportunities and challenges for New Product Development in a future Circular Economy. It has been argued that small-scale, flexible and localised production systems will reduce resource consumption, lower transport emissions and extend product lifetimes. At the same time smart products within the Internet of Things will gather and report data on user behaviour and product status. Many sustainable design tools have previously been developed but few are able to imagine and develop visions of how future sustainable product service systems might be manifested. This paper introduces the concept of Consumer Intervention Mapping as a tool for creating future product strategies. The tool visualises the points within a product’s lifecycle where stakeholders are able to intervene in the product’s expected journey. This perspective enables the rapid construction of scenarios that explore and describe future circular product service systems. Validation of the tool in three workshops is described and the outcomes are presented. Consumer Intervention Mapping is successful in creating scenarios that describe existing product service systems and new product concepts adapted to a Circular Economy paradigm. Further work is required to refine the tool’s performance in more focused and reflective design exercises.Item Open Access A decision-making framework for the implementation of remanufacturing in rechargeable energy storage system in hybrid and electric vehicles(Elsevier, 2018-07-25) Okorie, Okechukwu; Turner, Christopher J.; Salonitis, Konstantinos; Charnley, Fiona; Moreno, Mariale; Tiwari, Ashutosh; Hutabarat, WindoAs data from manufacturing and digital intelligence become a pervasive feature of our economy, it becomes increasingly important to leverage on this data in the creation of new forms of value. Within emerging concepts such as Industry 4.0 (I4.0) and the Internet of Things (IoT), understanding decision-making and stakeholders’ interaction is important in optimising manufacturing and post-manufacturing processes. Of interest is the post-manufacturing phase for the Rechargeable Energy Storage system, (RESS), a battery system embedded in hybrid and electric automobiles. This research develops a decision-making framework for the RESS component, employing data-driven remanufacturing as the circular approach for implementation. Findings highlight useful manufacturing data employed in remanufacturing for the RESS technology. This study concludes by giving recommendations on how decisions made by stakeholders and their interaction can inform manufacturers on design for remanufacturing.Item Open Access Design for circular behaviour: Considering users in a circular economy(MDPI, 2018-05-25) Wastling, Thomas; Charnley, Fiona; Moreno, MarialeIn a linear economy, a product is manufactured and sold to a customer. Then, little concern is given to what the user actually does with it when they have it. However, in a circular economy where the aim is to circulate products at their highest level of value, the customer’s behaviour can become an important part of the system. Circular design strategies have tended to focus on the physical aspects of a product (e.g., disassembly, material selection), but the design of products and services can also have an influence on user behaviour and, to date, this aspect of circular design has not been fully explored. This project aims to define what key user behaviours are required for circular business models to work and to outline how design can enable these ‘circular behaviours’. This research project consists of a literature review, case study analysis and expert interviews with practitioners. A theoretical framework for designing products and services to encourage circular behaviour is developed. This work provides an initial step towards a better understanding of the user’s role in the transition to a circular economy as well as a preliminary model for how design for behaviour change strategies could be implemented in this context.Item Open Access Developing scenarios for product longevity and sufficiency(IOS Press, 2017-11-10) Dewberry, E. L.; Sheldrick, Leila; Sinclair, M.; Moreno, Mariale; Makatsoris, CharalamposThis paper explores the narrative of peoples' relationships with products as a window on understanding the types of innovation that may inform a culture of sufficiency. The work forms part of the ‘Business as Unusual: Designing Products with Consumers in the Loop’ [BaU] project, funded as part of the UK EPSRC-ESRC RECODE network (RECODE, 2016) that aims to explore the potential of re-distributed manufacturing (RdM) in a context of sustainability. This element of the project employed interviews, mapping and workshops as methods to investigate the relationship between people and products across the product lifecycle. A focus on product longevity and specifically the people-product interactions is captured in conversations around product maintenance and repair. In exploring ideas of ‘broken’ we found different characteristics of, and motivations for, repair. Mapping these and other product-people interactions across the product lifecycle indicated where current activity is, who owns such activity (i.e. organisation or individual) where gaps in interactions occur. These issues were explored further in a workshop which grouped participants to look at products from the perspective of one of four scenarios; each scenario represented either short or long product lifespans and different types of people engagement in the design process. The findings help give shape to new scenarios for designing sufficiency-based social models of material flows.Item Open Access Evaluating the environmental performance of a product/service-system business model for Merino wool next-to-skin garments: The case of Armadillo Merino®(MDPI, 2019-10-22) Bech, Nynne Marie; Birkved, Morten; Charnley, Fiona; Laumann Kjaer, Louise; Pigosso, Daniela C. A.; Hauschild, Michael Z.; McAloone, Tim C.; Moreno, MarialeCircular business models are often enabled by means of product/service-systems (PSS). The common perception is that such business models have enhanced environmental performance when compared to conventional business models rooted in the linear economy. This article investigates the environmental potential of developing a use-oriented PSS business model for Merino wool t-shirts intended for use by the British Ministry of Defence as an alternative to the present supply system based on synthetic t-shirts purchased from sportswear clothing companies. To conduct the assessment, we apply the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to quantify and compare the climate change impacts and impact potentials of the proposed PSS business model and of a reference business model. Results showed that there could be significant contribution of quantifying environmental potential for PSS business models when justifying the transition to a circular economy. However, when adopting LCA methodology for this purpose, the design of the PSS needs to be well thought to overcome some of the identified challenges. The article concludes by making the case that LCA studies can support the definition, design and value creation of the product/service-systems in early development stages.Item Open Access An exploration of Service Design Jam and its ability to foster Social Enterprise(Design Research Society, 2016-07-27) Kuzmina, Ksenija; Parker, Chris; Jun, Gyuchan Thomas; Maguire, Martin; Mitchell, Val; Moreno, Mariale; Porter, SamanthaSocial enterprises (SE) are valued as innovative solutions to complex problems but require conditions to nurture and support them. Most support systems rely on individuals who already have an SE idea, and there is very little research on understanding what conditions can support to cultivate the willingness and motivation to engage individuals in this activity. An exploratory study was led to understand whether a particular event, Service Design Jams can provide such conditions. The paper introduces the study of the Lufbra Jam, organised at Loughborough University, from which two social enterprises, Crop Club in 2013, and FrenPal in 2014 emerged. Through literature review desirability and feasibility were extrapolated as key variables to the formation process of social enterprises. A focus group with three Lufbra Jam organisers was led to identify important organisational elements of the Jam that were perceived to have an impact on the formation of the successful SE thus influencing the perception of desirability and feasibility of SE in individuals. The integration of the two created a thematic matrix that was used to analyse findings from the research with the participants of the two successful SE Cases. The research findings suggest that Lufbra Jam enabled individuals to identify socially and environmentally focused issues and formulate service solutions that they deemed to be desirable and feasible ideas. It also provided an insight that winning and an enterprising workshop were important SDJ elements that helped teams to recognise their service ideas not only as feasible solutions but as SE opportunity for the team to take forward.Item Open Access The individual-practice framework: a design tool for understanding consumer behaviour(Springer, 2016-05-29) Piscicelli, L.; Moreno, Mariale; Cooper, T.; Fisher, T.Design for behaviour change is a growing research field which aims at providing methods and tools to foster pro-environmental and pro-social action through the application of diverse theories, models and approaches from the social sciences. This chapter presents the Individual-Practice Framework, which uniquely combines insights from social psychology and social practice theory, and discusses its possible use as a design tool. The Individual-Practice Framework captures the interrelation between the individual and specific combinations of the ‘material’, ‘meaning’ and ‘competence ’ elements of practices. The framework is proposed here as a design tool for the effective exploration and envisioning of innovative, and conceivably more sustainable, product and service solutions. The paper discusses the advantages of employing the framework as part of the design process, sets preliminary guidelines for practical application and considers possible limitations. It concludes with an assessment of the potential for adoption of the Individual-Practice Framework in participatory design workshops.Item Open Access Innovation symbol systems: Multimodal grammars and vocabularies for facilitating mutual innovation knowledge(Elsevier, 2018-07-31) Fox, Stephen; Moreno, Mariale; Vahala, PäiviSymbol systems can provide topic-specific languages comprising multimodal grammars and vocabularies. Symbol systems can facilitate mutual knowledge for innovation when people do not already have a common language for effective communication about an innovation. For example, there can be a lack of common language among diverse participants at public co-creation workshops: especially when different participants have different perspectives about the same hyped innovation. In this paper, action research is reported, which involved the development of a multimodal symbol system for facilitating mutual innovation knowledge. Overall, this paper provides two principal contributions to the literature. First, criteria for topic-specific symbol systems are set-out with reference to relevant literature. Second, a practical example of a multimodal symbol system, which meets these criteria, is presented. Together, these contributions introduce new directions for research and practice concerned with facilitating mutual innovation knowledge.Item Open Access A landscape of repair(University for the Creative Arts, Centre for Sustainable Design, 2016-11) Moreno, MarialeItem Open Access Opportunities for redistributed manufacturing and digital intelligence as enablers of a circular economy(Taylor and Francis, 2018-08-21) Moreno, Mariale; Court, Richard W.; Wright, Matt; Charnley, FionaThe linear production of consumer goods is characterised by mass manufacture by multinational enterprises and globally dispersed supply chains. The current centralised model has created a distance between the manufacturer and end user, limiting the opportunity for intelligent circular approaches for production and consumption. Through a mixed method approach, opportunities of circularity are explored for the consumer goods sector. The study presents four lenses to analyse three enterprises through a multi-case study approach to explore the potential of digital intelligence and redistributed manufacturing (RDM) as enablers of circular business models. In addition, the study examines whether Discrete Event Simulation can be used to evaluate the circular scenarios identified through quantifying flows of material that determine traditional economic value (cost/tonne). The mixed method approach demonstrates that, a qualitative systemic analysis can reveal opportunities for circularity, gained through implementing ‘digital intelligence’ and distributed models of production and consumption. Furthermore, simulations can provide a quantified evaluation on the effects of introducing circular activities across a supply chain.Item Open Access Re-distributed manufacturing to achieve a circular economy: A case study utilizing IDEF0 modeling(Elsevier, 2017-07-11) Moreno, Mariale; Turner, Christopher J.; Tiwari, Ashutosh; Hutabarat, Windo; Charnley, Fiona; Widjaja, Debora; Mondini, LuigiThe minimization of energy, waste, and emissions in operations are the foremost sustainability goals in industry. The shift from a linear product lifecycle to a circular one is required, along with increased energy efficiency and reduced resource use, to achieve these goals. This paper examines how the use of Re-Distributed Manufacturing (RdM) and a Product-Service System (PSS) approach, while leveraging the latest digital manufacturing technologies, enables the shift to this new economic model. A case study illustrates this new approach and relates it to the shoe manufacturing industry. The ShoeLab case study includes an outline of the business model options supporting this new approach to sustainable production highlighting the circularity that may be achieved in employing RdM and the latest digital manufacturing technologies in the form of 3-D printing. The research conducted indicates that using IDEF0 modelling could help to realize the full potential of RdM such as the manufacturing and transport of products involving less material, energy and waste.Item Open Access A review of data driven approaches for circular economy in manufacturing(Grafima Publications, 2018-08-08) Okechukwu, Okorie; Turner, Christopher J.; Charnley, Fiona; Moreno, Mariale; Tiwari, AshutoshThis paper seeks to examine the area of circular economy, providing an overview of the development of data driven circular approaches in manufacturing, particularly Industry 4.0, from the point of view of Reuse, Remanufacturing, Redistribution and Recycle. This paper also aims to develop a working framework for future circular economy research. The Design, methodological approach of this paper focuses on a comprehensive review of literature covering over 51 research papers. These papers are analysed using pie charts and bar charts to understand current trends in circular economy and circular economy related research and future research directions in the field. Findings show that research on circular economy has been steady and gradual with 2014 and 2015 having the most papers on the subject with 43% of the papers from engineering related research. Research which links circular strategies and their application within Industry 4.0 to digital technologies is still a very new area of research and, as such, is an area for further studies. Although papers on Circular Economy and Circular Economy Approaches exists, however, there are no papers that offer an overview of the development of circular approaches within manufacturing. The contribution of this paper is to provide a summary of current trends in circular economy research in manufacturing, within focus on Industry 4.0. A review of this development has been provided in the form of illustrative charts and graphs that identifies these trends. From this a framework for future circular economy research as it relates to manufacturing was developed.Item Open Access Simulation to enable a data-driven circular economy(MDPI, 2019-06-19) Charnley, Fiona; Tiwari, Divya; Hutabarat, Windo; Moreno, Mariale; Okorie, Okechukwu; Tiwari, AshutoshThis paper presents an investigation on how simulation informed by the latest advances in digital technologies such as the 4th Industrial Revolution (I4.0) and the Internet of Things (IoT) can provide digital intelligence to accelerate the implementation of more circular approaches in UK manufacturing. Through this research, a remanufacturing process was mapped and simulated using discrete event simulation (DES) to depict the decision-making process at the shop-floor level of a remanufacturing facility. To understand the challenge of using data in remanufacturing, a series of interviews were conducted finding that there was a significant variability in the condition of the returned product. To address this gap, the concept of certainty of product quality (CPQ) was developed and tested through a system dynamics (SD) and DES model to better understand the effects of CPQ on products awaiting remanufacture, including inspection, cleaning and disassembly times. The wider application of CPQ could be used to forecast remanufacturing and production processes, resulting in reduced costs by using an automatised process for inspection, thus allowing more detailed distinction between “go” or “no go” for remanufacture. Within the context of a circular economy, CPQ could be replicated to assess interventions in the product lifecycle, and therefore the identification of the optimal CE strategy and the time of intervention for the current life of a product—that is, when to upgrade, refurbish, remanufacture or recycle. The novelty of this research lies in investigating the application of simulation through the lens of a restorative circular economic model focusing on product life extension and its suitability at a particular point in a product’s life cycle.Item Open Access Sustainable production in a circular economy: A business model for re-distributed manufacturing(MDPI, 2019-08-08) Turner, Christopher J.; Moreno, Mariale; Mondini, Luigi; Salonitis, Konstantinos; Charnley, Fiona; Tiwari, Ashutosh; Hutabarat, WindoThe emergence of new technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, and advanced robotics, together with risks such as climate change, rising labour costs, and a fluctuating economy, are challenging the current UK manufacturing model. In this paper, business models for re-distributed manufacture (RdM) are developed using anIDEF (Icam DEFinition for Function Modelling) description to serve as a guide for the implementation of the RdM concept in the consumer goods industry. This paper explores the viability of a re-distributed business model for manufacturers employing new manufacturing technologies such as additive manufacturing or three-dimensional (3D) printing, as part of a sustainable and circular production and consumption system. An As-Is value chain model is presented alongside the proposed new business model for a sustainable re-distributed manufacturing system. Both are illustrated via a case study drawn from the shoe manufacturing industry. The case study shows that there is a need for robust facilities in close proximity to the customer. These facilities are store fronts which can also manufacture, remanufacture, and provide services. The reduction in transportation and increase in customer involvement throughout the process are the main benefits that would accrue if a re-distributed model is implemented in the given industry.Item Open Access Testing and Evaluation of Preference Marketplace Web Application(Cranfield University, 2017-03-15 09:51) Isaev, Samet; Moreno, Mariale; Makatsoris, HarrisPreference marketplace is digital crowdsourcing tool which employs game mechanics to engage consumers in order to understand their requirements and prioritise the most required product attributes and concepts. A number of case study including food and beverage products has been employed to test the performance of the platform. This platform is web application under development by the Harris Makatsoris research group. Workshops were organised by theHarris Makatsoris research group to collect data at Cranfield University.