Browsing by Author "Davey, Christopher"
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Item Open Access Hybrid membrane distillation reverse electrodialysis configuration for water and energy recovery from human urine: an opportunity for off-grid decentralised sanitation(Elsevier, 2019-05-06) Mercer, Edwina; Davey, Christopher; Azzini, D.; Eusebi, Anna L.; Tierney, Ross; Williams, Leon; Jiang, Ying; Parker, Alison; Tyrrel, Sean; Pidou, Marc; McAdam, EwanThe integration of membrane distillation with reverse electrodialysis has been investigated as a sustainable sanitation solution to provide clean water and electrical power from urine and waste heat. Reverse electrodialysis was integrated to provide the partial remixing of the concentrate (urine) and diluate (permeate) produced from the membrane distillation of urine. Broadly comparable power densities to those of a model salt solution (sodium chloride) were determined during evaluation of the individual and combined contribution of the various monovalent and multivalent inorganic and organic salt constituents in urine. Power densities were improved through raising feed-side temperature and increasing concentration in the concentrate, without observation of limiting behaviour imposed by non-ideal salt and water transport. A further unique contribution of this application is the limited volume of salt concentrate available, which demanded brine recycling to maximise energy recovery analogous to a battery, operating in a ‘state of charge’. During recycle, around 47% of the Gibbs free energy was recoverable with up to 80% of the energy extractable before the concentration difference between the two solutions was halfway towards equilibrium which implies that energy recovery can be optimised with limited effect on permeate quality. This study has provided the first successful demonstration of an integrated MD-RED system for energy recovery from a limited resource, and evidences that the recovered power is sufficient to operate a range of low current fluid pumping technologies that could help deliver off-grid sanitation and clean water recovery at single household scale.Item Open Access Impact of fouling, cleaning and faecal contamination on the separation of water from urine using thermally driven membrane separation(Taylor & Francis, 2018-02-12) Kamranvand, Farhad; Davey, Christopher; Sakah, H.; Autin, Olivier; Mercer, E.; Collins, Matt; Williams, Leon; Kolios, Athanasios; Parker, Alison; Tyrrel, Sean; Cartmell, Elise; McAdam, EwanIn this study, membrane distillation is evaluated as a technology for non-sewered sanitation, using waste heat to enable separation of clean water from urine. Whilst membrane fouling was observed for urine, wetting was not evident and product water quality met the proposed discharge standard, despite concentration of the feed. Fouling was reversible using physical cleaning, which is similar to previous membrane studies operating without pressure as the driving force. High chemical oxygen demand reduction was achieved following faecal contamination, but mass transfer was impeded and wetting occurred which compromised permeate quality, suggesting upstream intervention is demanded to limit the extent of faecal contamination.Item Open Access Scale-up of reverse electrodialysis for energy generation from high concentration salinity gradients(Elsevier, 2021-03-05) Hulme, Anna; Davey, Christopher; Tyrrel, Sean; Pidou, Marc; McAdam, EwanWhilst reverse electrodialysis (RED) has been extensively characterised for saline gradient energy from seawater/river water (0.5 M/0.02 M), less is known about RED stack design for high concentration salinity gradients (4 M/0.02 M), important to closed loop applications (e.g. thermal-to-electrical, energy storage). This study therefore focuses on the scale-up of RED stacks for high concentration salinity gradients. Higher velocities were required to attain a maximum Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) for 4 M/0.02 M, which gives a measure of the electrochemical potential of the cell. The experimental OCV was also much below the theoretical OCV, due to the greater boundary layer resistance observed, which is distinct from 0.5 M/0.02 M. However, negative net power density (net produced electrical power divided by total membrane area) was demonstrated with 0.5 M/0.02 M for larger stacks using shorter residence times (three stack sizes tested: 10 × 10cm, 10 × 20cm and 10 × 40cm). In contrast, the highest net power density was observed at the shortest residence time for the 4 M/0.02 M concentration gradient, as the increased ionic flux compensated for the pressure drop. Whilst comparable net power densities were determined for the 10 × 10cm and 10 × 40cm stacks using the 4 M/0.02 M concentration gradient, the osmotic and ionic transport mechanisms are distinct. Increasing cell pair number improved maximum current density. This subsequently increased power density, due to the reduction in boundary layer resistance, and may therefore be used to improve thermodynamic efficiency and power density from RED for high concentrations. Although comparable power densities may be achieved for small and large stacks, large stacks maybe preferred for high concentration salinity gradients due to the comparative benefit in thermodynamic efficiency in single pass. The greater current achieved by large stacks may also be complemented by an increase in cell pair number and current density optimisation to increase power density and reduce exergy losses.