Technology and conservation of Chinese painted enamels

Chinese painted enamels are studied in this thesis with the goal of improving their conservation. To do this the material was studied through elemental analysis using two X-ray Fluorescence techniques and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometry. All three techniques used in this study are non-destructive. The analytical sample set includes 131 examples dating from the inception of the technique in the early 18th century to modern production in the 21st century. Characterisation is used in this thesis to compare the compositions of each Chinese painted enamel colour to related artistic traditions including Chinese glass, cloisonné, overglaze enamels on porcelain, Limoges painted enamels and a late 17th century German painted enamel. Research on related materials was done with the aim of identifying the technological predecessors and exchanges for each colour in the palette. The results illuminate complexity in the development of the technique, which draws heavily on both Chinese and European technology. Manufacturing techniques, construction and degradation are documented through examination of artworks in museum collections, providing insight on the technical art history of the medium and its inherent vulnerabilities. Observations on condition have been used to recognise trends in degradation and link them to specific agents of decay and innate weaknesses from manufacturing. The results show that Chinese painted enamels are particularly vulnerable to physical force which occurs during handling and inappropriate support while on display or in storage. To mitigate future damage, recommendations on environmental conditions are made regarding temperature, humidity, and light levels.