Monitoring rangeland vegetation in the Sahel by Landsat MSS and NOAA AVHRR

Quantities of herbaceous vegetation of Sahelian rangelands in Niger and Mali were compared to vegetation indices (VI) derived from Landsat MSS and NOAA AVHRR LAC images. Field data was collected in 1985,1988 and 1989 in Niger and an appropriate sampling scheme for the study area was developed. Herbaceous vegetation could be estimated to within t 150 kgha 1 at an 80% confidence level up to 1300 kgha -1. Establishing site positions was found to be a primary obstacle when selecting suitable sampling areas. Suggested is the use of Landsat MSS image hard-copies in combination with a global positioning system. Landsat MSS and NOAA AVHRR LAC data were available for dates corresponding to field surveys of 1985 and 1988. While Landsat MSS scenes were geometrically corrected to maps, NOAA AVHRR images were registered to Landsat MSS with a simulated resolution of 1.1 km. Data from both satellites were radiometrically corrected and standardized to atmospheric conditions to the image with the highest relative scene contrast for each study area. These reference images were identified on the basis of bare soil spectral reflectance values and a binary decision tree. Five methods of resampling image data to represent field sites were applied. - The image data sampling methods were found to have a significant influence on spectral reflectance values attributed to a site and, consequently, on the relationship between ground and satellite VIs. Ratio, normalized difference and perpendicular VIs (RVI, NDVI and PVI) were computed for each step of pre-processing procedures. For Landsat MSS VIs were also derived from average spectral reflectance values of bands 3 and 4 to simulate NOAA AVHRR channel 2. VIs were compared for the same sensor, between sensors and related to field data by using linear and logarithmic regression analyses. RVIs and NDVIs achieved very similar results, while PVIs showed a more variable relationship to ground data. Overall, VIs from simulated NOAA AVHRR channel 2 values were found to be not superior to those derived from just band 4. NOAA AVHRR VIs could be related to Landsat MSS ratio VIs by a single regression line for 1985 and 1988 growing seasons for Niger and Mali survey sites. For the inter-calibration a simulation of the NOAA AVHRR pixel size was found to be better suited than the high resolution Landsat MSS data.