Conceptual environmental impact assessment of a novel self-sustained sanitation system incorporating a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment approach

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dc.contributor.authorAnastasopoulou, Aikaterini
dc.contributor.authorKolios, Athanasios
dc.contributor.authorSomorin, Tosin
dc.contributor.authorSowale, Ayodeji
dc.contributor.authorJiang, Ying
dc.contributor.authorFidalgo, Beatriz
dc.contributor.authorParker, Alison
dc.contributor.authorWilliams, Leon
dc.contributor.authorCollins, Matt
dc.contributor.authorMcAdam, Ewan
dc.contributor.authorTyrrel, Sean
dc.date.accessioned2018-06-20T10:15:45Z
dc.date.available2018-06-20T10:15:45Z
dc.date.issued2018-05-26
dc.description.abstractIn many developing countries, including South Africa, water scarcity has resulted in poor sanitation practices. The majority of the sanitation infrastructures in those regions fail to meet basic hygienic standards. This along with the lack of proper sewage/wastewater infrastructure creates significant environmental and public health concerns. A self-sustained, waterless “Nano Membrane Toilet” (NMT) design was proposed as a result of the “Reinvent the Toilet Challenge” funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. A “cradle-to-grave” life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was adopted to study the use of NMT in comparison with conventional pour flush toilet (PFT) and urine-diverting dry toilet (UDDT). All three scenarios were applied in the context of South Africa. In addition, a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) was used to reflect the impact of the pathogen risk on human health. LCA study showed that UDDT had the best environmental performance, followed by NMT and PFT systems for all impact categories investigated including human health, resource and ecosystem. This was mainly due to the environmental credits associated with the use of urine and compost as fertilizers. However, with the incorporation of the pathogen impact into the human health impact category, the NMT had a significant better performance than the PFT and UDDT systems, which exhibited an impact category value 4E + 04 and 4E + 03 times higher, respectively. Sensitivity analysis identified that the use of ash as fertilizer, electricity generation and the reduction of NOx emissions were the key areas that influenced significantly the environmental performance of the NMT system.en_UK
dc.identifier.citationAikaterini Anastasopoulou, Athanasios Kolios, Tosin Somorin, et al., Conceptual environmental impact assessment of a novel self-sustained sanitation system incorporating a quantitative microbial risk assessment approach. Science of The Total Environment, Volume 639, 15 October 2018, Pages 657-672en_UK
dc.identifier.issn0048-9697
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.062
dc.identifier.urihttp://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/13254
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherElsevieren_UK
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/*
dc.subjectNano-membrane toileten_UK
dc.subjectConventional sanitation systemsen_UK
dc.subjectEnvironmental assessmenten_UK
dc.subjectQuantitative microbial risk assessmenten_UK
dc.titleConceptual environmental impact assessment of a novel self-sustained sanitation system incorporating a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment approachen_UK
dc.typeArticleen_UK

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