Sources of airborne endotoxins in ambient air and exposure of nearby communities - a review

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dc.contributor.authorRolph, Catherine A.
dc.contributor.authorGwyther, Ceri L.
dc.contributor.authorTyrrel, Sean F.
dc.contributor.authorNasir, Zaheer A.
dc.contributor.authorDrew, Gillian H.
dc.contributor.authorJackson, Simon K.
dc.contributor.authorKhera, Shagun
dc.contributor.authorHayes, Enda T.
dc.contributor.authorWilliams, Ben
dc.contributor.authorBennett, Allan
dc.contributor.authorCollins, Samuel
dc.contributor.authorWalsh, Kerry
dc.contributor.authorKinnersley, Rob
dc.contributor.authorGladding, Toni L.
dc.date.accessioned2018-10-01T09:45:31Z
dc.date.available2018-10-01T09:45:31Z
dc.date.issued2018-09-26
dc.description.abstractEndotoxin is a bioaerosol component that is known to cause respiratory effects in exposed populations. To date, most research focused on occupational exposure, whilst much less is known about the impact of emissions from industrial operations on downwind endotoxin concentrations. A review of the literature was undertaken, identifying studies that reported endotoxin concentrations in both ambient environments and around sources with high endotoxin emissions. Ambient endotoxin concentrations in both rural and urban areas are generally below 10 endotoxin units (EU) m−3; however, around significant sources such as compost facilities, farms, and wastewater treatment plants, endotoxin concentrations regularly exceeded 100 EU m−3. However, this is affected by a range of factors including sampling approach, equipment, and duration. Reported downwind measurements of endotoxin demonstrate that endotoxin concentrations can remain above upwind concentrations. The evaluation of reported data is complicated due to a wide range of different parameters including sampling approaches, temperature, and site activity, demonstrating the need for a standardised methodology and improved guidance. Thorough characterisation of ambient endotoxin levels and modelling of endotoxin from pollution sources is needed to help inform future policy and support a robust health-based risk assessment process.en_UK
dc.identifier.citationCatherine A. Rolph, Ceri L. Gwyther, Sean F. Tyrrel, et al., Sources of airborne endotoxins in ambient air and exposure of nearby communities - a review. Atmosphere, Volume 9, Issue 10, Article number 375en_UK
dc.identifier.issn2073-4433
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9100375
dc.identifier.urihttp://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/13499
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherMDPIen_UK
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/*
dc.subjectbioaerosolen_UK
dc.subjectendotoxinen_UK
dc.subjectcomposting facilitiesen_UK
dc.subjectintensive farmingen_UK
dc.subjectair pollutionen_UK
dc.titleSources of airborne endotoxins in ambient air and exposure of nearby communities - a reviewen_UK
dc.typeArticleen_UK

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