Treatment of pharmaceutical industry wastewater for water reuse in Jordan using hybrid constructed wetlands

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dc.contributor.authorAl-Mashaqbeh, Othman
dc.contributor.authorAlsalhi, Layal
dc.contributor.authorSalaymeh, Lana
dc.contributor.authorDotro, Gabriela
dc.contributor.authorLyu, Tao
dc.date.accessioned2024-06-13T14:55:10Z
dc.date.available2024-06-13T14:55:10Z
dc.date.issued2024-06-01
dc.description.abstractDeveloping cost-efficient wastewater treatment technologies for safe reuse is essential, especially in developing countries simultaneously facing water scarcity. This study developed and evaluated a hybrid constructed wetlands (CWs) approach, incorporating tidal flow (TF) operation and utilising local Jordanian zeolite as a wetland substrate for real pharmaceutical industry wastewater treatment. Over 273 days of continuous monitoring, the results revealed that the first-stage TFCWs filled with either raw or modified zeolite performed significantly higher reductions in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD, 58 %–60 %), Total Nitrogen (TN, 32 %–37 %), and Phosphate (PO4, 46 %–64 %) compared to TFCWs filled with normal sand. Water quality further improved after the second stage of horizontal subsurface flow CWs treatment, achieving log removals of 1.09–2.47 for total coliform and 1.89–2.09 for E. coli. With influent pharmaceutical concentrations ranging from 275 to 2000 μg/L, the zeolite-filled hybrid CWs achieved complete removal (>98 %) for ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, erythromycin, and enrofloxacin, moderate removal (43 %–81 %) for flumequine and lincomycin, and limited removal (<8 %) for carbamazepine and diclofenac. The overall accumulation of pharmaceuticals in plant tissue and substrate adsorption accounted for only 2.3 % and 4.3 %, respectively, of the total mass removal. Biodegradation of these pharmaceuticals (up to 61 %) through microbial-mediated processes or within plant tissues was identified as the key removal pathway. For both conventional pollutants and pharmaceuticals, modified zeolite wetland media could only slightly enhance treatment without a significant difference between the two treatment groups. The final effluent from all hybrid CWs complied with Jordanian treated industry wastewater reuse standards (category III), and systems filled with raw or modified zeolite achieved over 95 % of samples meeting the highest water reuse category I. This study provides evidence of using hybrid CWs technology as a nature-based solution to address water safety and scarcity challenges.en_UK
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was supported by two consecutive Transforming Systems through Partnership (TSP) projects sponsored by the UK Royal Academy of Engineering (TSP2021\100376 and TSP-2324-6\136).en_UK
dc.identifier.citationAl-Mashaqbeh O, Alsalhi L, Salaymeh L, et al., (2024) Treatment of pharmaceutical industry wastewater for water reuse in Jordan using hybrid constructed wetlands. Science of The Total Environment, Volume 939, August 2024, Article number 173634en_UK
dc.identifier.issn0048-9697
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173634
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/22503
dc.language.isoen_UKen_UK
dc.publisherElsevieren_UK
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/*
dc.subjectModified zeoliteen_UK
dc.subjectMicropollutantsen_UK
dc.subjectNature-based solutionen_UK
dc.subjectRemoval pathwaysen_UK
dc.subjectTidal flow wetlanden_UK
dc.subjectTreatment wetlandsen_UK
dc.titleTreatment of pharmaceutical industry wastewater for water reuse in Jordan using hybrid constructed wetlandsen_UK
dc.typeArticleen_UK
dcterms.dateAccepted2024-05-28

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