Formic acid in hydrogen: is it stable in a gas container?

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dc.contributor.authorBacquart, Thomas
dc.contributor.authorMorris, Abigail S. O.
dc.contributor.authorHookham, Mathew
dc.contributor.authorWard, Michael K. M.
dc.contributor.authorUnderwood, Robin
dc.contributor.authorHristova, Yoana
dc.contributor.authorPerkins, Mark
dc.contributor.authorFerracci, Valerio
dc.contributor.authorMurugan, Arul
dc.date.accessioned2023-06-22T18:54:42Z
dc.date.available2023-06-22T18:54:42Z
dc.date.issued2023-06-07
dc.description.abstractFormic acid is an intermediate of the steam methane reforming process for hydrogen production. According to International Standard ISO 14687, the amount fraction level of formic acid present in the hydrogen supplied to fuel cell electric vehicles must not exceed 200 nmol·mol−1. The development of formic acid standards in hydrogen is crucial to validate the analytical results and ensure measurement reliability for the fuel cell electric vehicles industry. NPL demonstrated that these standards can be gravimetrically prepared and validated at 4 to 100 µmol·mol−1, with a shelf-life of 1 year (stability uncertainty < 7%; k = 2). Stability was not affected over 1 year or by low temperature or pressure. At sub-µmol·mol−1 level, formic acid amount fraction was found to decrease due to adsorption on the gas cylinder surface; however, it is possible to certify the formic acid amount fraction after a period of 20 days and ensure the certified value validity for 1 year with an uncertainty below 7% (k = 1) confirmed by thermodynamic investigation. This study demonstrated that formic acid in hydrogen gas reference materials can be prepared with reasonable uncertainty (>7%, k = 1) and shelf life (>1 year). Potential applications include the calibration of analysers and for studying the impact of formic acid on future application with relevant traceability and accuracy.en_UK
dc.identifier.citationBacquart T, Morris AS, Hookham M, et al., (2023) Formic acid in hydrogen: is it stable in a gas container? Processes, Volume 11, Issue 6, June 2023, Article number 1748en_UK
dc.identifier.issn2227-9717
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/pr11061748
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/19874
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherMDPIen_UK
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/*
dc.subjectfuel cell electrical vehiclesen_UK
dc.subjectformic aciden_UK
dc.subjecthydrogen fuelen_UK
dc.subjecthydrogen qualityen_UK
dc.subjecttrace analysisen_UK
dc.subjectanalytical chemistryen_UK
dc.subjectgas stabilityen_UK
dc.subjectISO 14687en_UK
dc.subjectgas standardsen_UK
dc.titleFormic acid in hydrogen: is it stable in a gas container?en_UK
dc.typeArticleen_UK

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