Assessment of the environmental toxicity and carcinogenicity of tungsten-based shot.

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dc.contributor.authorThomas, Vernon G.
dc.contributor.authorRoberts, Michael J.
dc.contributor.authorHarrison, Paul T. C.
dc.date.accessioned2009-04-24T13:59:45Z
dc.date.available2009-04-24T13:59:45Z
dc.date.issued2009-05
dc.description.abstractThe toxicity of elemental tungsten released from discharged shot was assessed against previous studies that established a 1% toxic threshold for soil organisms. Extremely heavy theoretical shot loadings of 69,000 shot/ha were used to generate estimated environmental concentrations (EEC) for two brands of tungsten-based shot containing 51% and 95% tungsten. The corresponding tungsten EEC values were 6.5–13.5 mg W/kg soil, far below the 1% toxic threshold. The same shot loading in water produced tungsten EEC values of 2.1–4.4 mg W/L, levels that are not toxic under experimental conditions. Pure tungsten has not been shown to exhibit carcinogenic properties when ingested or embedded in animal tissues, but nickel, with which it is often alloyed, has known carcinogenicity. Given the large number of waterfowl that carry shot embedded in their body, it is advisable to screen lead shot substitutes for their carcinogenic potential through intra-muscular implantation.en_UK
dc.identifier.citationVernon G. Thomas, Michael J. Roberts, Paul T.C. Harrison, Assessment of the environmental toxicity and carcinogenicity of tungsten-based shot, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 72, Issue 4, May 2009, Pages 1031-1037en_UK
dc.identifier.issn0147-6513
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.01.001
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1826/3348
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherElsevieren_UK
dc.subjectTungstenen_UK
dc.subjectAlloysen_UK
dc.subjectEnvironmental toxicityen_UK
dc.subjectCarcinogenicityen_UK
dc.subjectShoten_UK
dc.titleAssessment of the environmental toxicity and carcinogenicity of tungsten-based shot.en_UK
dc.typePostprinten_UK

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