Do freelance independent contractors promote entrepreneurship?

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dc.contributor.authorBurke, Andrew
dc.contributor.authorZawwar, Imran
dc.contributor.authorHussels, Stephanie
dc.date.accessioned2019-11-14T15:11:05Z
dc.date.available2019-11-14T15:11:05Z
dc.date.issued2019-09-03
dc.description.abstractWe investigate whether or not the level of entrepreneurial activity in an economy is determined by the availability of freelance independent contractors in the workforce. We develop hypotheses and test them through an analysis of 75 countries from 2002 to 2012 using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) database. We find freelance independent contractors promote entrepreneurial activity where typically a 10% rise in the freelance workforce causes about a 1% increase in entrepreneurial activity. The significance of this positive effect is robust for both necessity and opportunity-driven entrepreneurial types and across innovation-driven and efficiency-driven economies—but it is stronger in innovation-driven economies and also for necessity entrepreneurship. It implies that having a flexible workforce is a key ingredient to having an entrepreneurial economy. Furthermore, it indicates that orthodox research and public policy perspectives which overlook the importance of freelance independent contractors for entrepreneurship activity require a re-appraisal.en_UK
dc.identifier.citationBurke A, Zawwar I, Hussels S. (2020) Do freelance independent contractors promote entrepreneurship? Small Business Economics, Volume 55, Issue 2, August 2020, pp. 415-427en_UK
dc.identifier.cris24791176
dc.identifier.issn0921-898X
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00242-w
dc.identifier.urihttp://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/14734
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherSpringeren_UK
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/*
dc.subjectFreelancersen_UK
dc.subjectContractorsen_UK
dc.subjectEnabling entrepreneurshipen_UK
dc.subjectPromoting entrepreneurshipen_UK
dc.subjectEntrepreneurial activityen_UK
dc.titleDo freelance independent contractors promote entrepreneurship?en_UK
dc.typeArticleen_UK

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