Membrane distillation for concentrated blackwater: Influence of configuration (air gap, direct contact, vacuum) on selectivity and water productivity

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dc.contributor.authorDavey, Christopher J.
dc.contributor.authorKamranvand, Farhad
dc.contributor.authorWilliams, Leon
dc.contributor.authorJiang, Ying
dc.contributor.authorParker, Alison
dc.contributor.authorTyrrel, Sean
dc.contributor.authorMcAdam, Ewan J.
dc.date.accessioned2021-02-10T15:02:09Z
dc.date.available2021-02-10T15:02:09Z
dc.date.issued2021-01-30
dc.description.abstractWater recovery from concentrated blackwater has been studied using air gap (AGMD), direct contact (DCMD) and vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) to deliver decentralised sanitation. Whilst good water quality was achieved with each configuration, differences in the rejection of volatile compounds was observed. VMD exhibited the highest rejection of volatiles, specifically ammoniacal nitrogen, of all the configurations but fouling inhibited total flux. DCMD exhibited a temperature dependent volatile rejection which resulted in poor rejection at lower feed temperatures (≤40 °C). AGMD was identified as the most promising configuration for application within decentralised sanitation, since the rejection of volatiles was consistent over a range of operating temperatures with ammonia rejection directly related to solution pH. An increase in organic colloids and particles due to faecal contamination reduced COD removal due to the induction of wetting, but was shown to be offset by adoption of a smaller pore size (0.1 μm), and when complemented with upstream solid-liquid separation within a fully integrated system, will provide a robust sanitation solution. Importantly, this work has shown that AGMD can recover water from concentrated blackwater close to international discharge and reuse regulations in a single stage process; this is significant as blackwater consists of only urine and faeces, and is thus 40 times more concentrated than municipal sewage. It is proposed that the water quality produced reflects a step change to delivering safe sanitation, and is complemented by a simple method for heat recovery integration this is similarly advantageous for resource constrained environments common to decentralised sanitation solutions.en_UK
dc.identifier.citationDavey CJ, Liu P, Kamranvand F, et al., (2021) Membrane distillation for concentrated blackwater: influence of configuration (air gap, direct contact, vacuum) on selectivity and water productivity. Separation and Purification Technology, Volume 263, May 2021, Article number 118390en_UK
dc.identifier.issn1383-5866
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118390
dc.identifier.urihttp://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/16328
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherElsevieren_UK
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/*
dc.subjectMembrane distillationen_UK
dc.subjectAir gapen_UK
dc.subjectDirect contacten_UK
dc.subjectVacuumen_UK
dc.subjectUrineen_UK
dc.subjectFaecesen_UK
dc.subjectSanitationen_UK
dc.subjectWastewateren_UK
dc.titleMembrane distillation for concentrated blackwater: Influence of configuration (air gap, direct contact, vacuum) on selectivity and water productivityen_UK
dc.typeArticleen_UK

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