The effect of loading direction on strain localisation in wire arc additively manufactured Ti–6Al–4V

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dc.contributor.authorLunt, David
dc.contributor.authorHo, Alistair
dc.contributor.authorDavis, Alec E.
dc.contributor.authorHarte, Allan
dc.contributor.authorMartina, Filomeno
dc.contributor.authorda Fonseca, João Quinta
dc.contributor.authorPrangnell, Philip
dc.date.accessioned2020-09-16T09:40:24Z
dc.date.available2020-09-16T09:40:24Z
dc.date.issued2020-05-21
dc.description.abstractTi–6Al–4V microstructures produced by high deposition rate Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) can be both heterogeneous and anisotropic. Key features of the as-built microstructures include; large columnar ß grains, an α transformation texture inherited from the β solidification texture, grain boundary (GB) α colonies, and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) banding. The effect of this heterogeneity on the local strain distribution has been investigated using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) in samples loaded in tension; parallel (WD), perpendicular (ND) and at 45° (45ND) to the deposited layers. Full-field surface strain maps were correlated to the underlying local texture. It is shown that loading perpendicular to the columnar β grains leads to a diffuse heterogeneous deformation distribution, due to the presence of regions containing hard, and soft, α microtextures within different parent β grains. The ‘soft’ regions correlated to multi-variant α colonies that did not contain a hard α variant unfavourably orientated for basal or prismatic slip. Far more severe strain localisation was seen in 45° ND loading at ‘soft’ β grain boundaries, where single variant α GB colonies favourably orientated for slip had developed during transformation. In comparison, when loaded parallel to the columnar ß grains, the strain distribution was relatively homogeneous and the HAZ bands did not show any obvious influence on strain localisation at the deposit layer-scale. However, when using high-resolution DIC, as well as more intense shear bands being resolved at the β grain boundaries during 45° ND loading, microscale strain localisation was observed in HAZ bands below the yield point within the thin white-etching α colony layer.en_UK
dc.identifier.citationLunt D, Ho A, Davis A, et al., (2020) The effect of loading direction on strain localisation in wire arc additively manufactured Ti–6Al–4V, Materials Science and Engineering A: Structural Materials: Properties. Microstructures and Processing, Volume 788, June 2020, Article number 139608en_UK
dc.identifier.issn0921-5093
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139608
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/15804
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherElsevieren_UK
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/*
dc.subjectStrain localisationen_UK
dc.subjectDigital image correlationen_UK
dc.subjectEBSDen_UK
dc.subjectTensileen_UK
dc.subjectAdditive manufacturingen_UK
dc.subjectTitanium alloysen_UK
dc.titleThe effect of loading direction on strain localisation in wire arc additively manufactured Ti–6Al–4Ven_UK
dc.typeArticleen_UK

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