Kinetics of Struvite Precipitation: Effect of the Magnesium Dose on Induction Times and Precipitation Rates

The presence of white deposits in specific areas of wastewater treatment plants is generally the consequence of the spontaneous formation of a mineral called struvite. Struvite forms when the levels of phosphate, ammonium and magnesium naturally available in wastewater effluents reach a minimum molar ratio 1:1:1 under specific conditions of pH, temperature and mixing energy. Originally regarded as a phenomenon to be controlled or eliminated, struvite has been lately identified as an alternative way of removing and recovering P from wastewater effluents and generating a product identified as an excellent base for the production of slow release fertilisers. Chemical and physical principles of struvite precipitation and the development of crystallisation technologies have been widely investigated. However, little interest has been given to kinetics of struvite precipitation. In the present work the kinetics of struvite formation have been investigated at both laboratory and pilot scale in synthetic solutions containing Mg2+, NH41, and PO43- ions in a molar ratio 1:2:2 at room temperature. These different tests have used pH measurements to assess the impact of water chemistry on induction times, and more precisely the influence of magnesium levels on kinetic rates. Experimental results and kinetic calculatio revealed that the control of the magnesium dose initially present in solution is decisive of the speed at which struvite nucleates.