Direct evidence for the co-manufacturing of early iron and copper-alloy artifacts in the Caucasus

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dc.contributor.authorErb-Satullo, Nathaniel L.
dc.contributor.authorJachvliani, Dimitri
dc.contributor.authorKakhiani, Kakha
dc.contributor.authorNewman, Richard
dc.date.accessioned2021-02-03T12:53:27Z
dc.date.available2021-02-03T12:53:27Z
dc.date.issued2020-09-16
dc.description.abstractModels for iron innovation in Eurasia are predicated on understanding the relationship between the bronze and iron industries. In eastern Anatolia, the South Caucasus, and Iran, the absence of scientific analyses of metallurgical debris has obscured the relative chronology, spatial organization, and economic context of early iron and contemporary copper-alloy industries. Survey and excavation at Mtsvane Gora, a fortified hilltop site close to major polymetallic ore sources in the Lesser Caucasus range, recovered metallurgical debris dating to the 8th-6th centuries BC. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy and wavelength dispersive spectrometry revealed evidence for both iron and copper-alloy metallurgy, including smithing and alloying. Metal particles trapped within clear iron smithing slags were contaminated with copper, arsenic, and tin, suggesting that iron and copper-alloy working took place in the same hearths. The discovery of a small fragment of unprocessed material consisting of pyrite and jarosite, minerals typical of major nearby polymetallic ore deposits, links the secondary smithing and alloying at Mtsvane Gora with nearby mining activities, though the nature of those connections remains unclear. While the earliest iron in the region probably predates the Mtsvane Gora assemblage, the remains date to a period when iron use was still expanding, and they are at present the earliest analytically confirmed, radiocarbon-dated iron metallurgical debris in the Caucasus. The remains are therefore significant for understanding the spread of iron innovation eastward from Anatolia and the Levant. When considered in light of evidence from other Near Eastern sites, the results support a model for innovation in which early iron manufacturing was at least partially integrated with the copper-alloy metallurgical economy.en_UK
dc.identifier.citationErb-Satullo NL, Jachvliani D, Kakhiani K, Newman R. (2020) Direct evidence for the co-manufacturing of early iron and copper-alloy artifacts in the Caucasus. Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 123, November 2020, Article number 105220en_UK
dc.identifier.issn0305-4403
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105220
dc.identifier.urihttp://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/16294
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherElsevieren_UK
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/*
dc.subjectSlagen_UK
dc.subjectSmithingen_UK
dc.subjectMetallurgyen_UK
dc.subjectInnovationen_UK
dc.subjectAdoptionen_UK
dc.subjectTechnologyen_UK
dc.subjectGeorgiaen_UK
dc.titleDirect evidence for the co-manufacturing of early iron and copper-alloy artifacts in the Caucasusen_UK
dc.typeArticleen_UK

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