Evaluation of small-scale combustion of an insensitive high explosive formulation containing 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

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dc.contributor.authorGalante, Erick B. F.
dc.contributor.authorMai, Nathalie
dc.contributor.authorLadyman, Melissa K.
dc.contributor.authorGill, Philip P.
dc.contributor.authorTemple, Tracey J.
dc.contributor.authorCoulon, Frederic
dc.date.accessioned2020-06-05T10:54:34Z
dc.date.available2020-06-05T10:54:34Z
dc.date.issued2020-05-25
dc.description.abstractEnergetic materials are often disposed by open-burning or open-detonation as it is a cost-effective and efficient means of destroying explosive material, and often minimizes the need to transport hazardous explosives to treatment facilities. This practice is often scrutinized for the negative environmental impact of the odorous and unsightly toxic gaseous emissions as well as the resulting deposition residues, which often contain unburned energetic materials. With the increasing use of Insensitive High Explosive compositions in munitions, it is essential that the potential environmental impact of their disposal is assessed before their extensive use to prevent the kind of contamination incidents experienced with legacy explosives. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop a controlled laboratory experiment to identify the gaseous emissions and the energetic material residues that are generated through the combustion of the IHE components 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). A sealed vial containing small (mg) quantities of energetic material was heated until the energetic material combusted. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS) was used to calculate the oxygen consumption and to identify the gases that were generated. The solid residues were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to quantify unburned energetic material. Results showed that DNAN was the most resistant to burning, thus leaving significant quantities of unreacted starting material in the vial. An interesting observation for the IHE formulation was that DNAN also inhibited the combustion of NTO and RDX. The gases emitted during the open burning of IHE components and mixtures included CO, CO2, and N2O as expected, but the proportions differed when the components and mixture were compared, reflecting the influence of DNAN on the burning behavior. From our data, we concluded that open-burning DNAN-based formulations is an environmentally unfavorable waste-management practice for the disposal of IHEs mainly due to generation of solid residues as well as unburnt DNAN.en_UK
dc.identifier.citationGalante EB, Mai N, Ladyman MK, et al., (2021) Evaluation of small-scale combustion of an insensitive high explosive formulation containing 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). Journal of Energetic Materials, Volume 39, Issue 1, 2021, pp. 85-99en_UK
dc.identifier.issn0737-0652
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2020.1762798
dc.identifier.urihttp://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/15476
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherTaylor and Francisen_UK
dc.rights© Cranfield University, 2015. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of the copyright holder.
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/*
dc.subjectOpen-burningen_UK
dc.subjectcombustion productsen_UK
dc.subjectICT Thermodynamic Codeen_UK
dc.subjectexplosivesen_UK
dc.subjectenvironmenten_UK
dc.titleEvaluation of small-scale combustion of an insensitive high explosive formulation containing 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)en_UK
dc.typeArticleen_UK

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