Removal of steroid estrogens from municipal wastewater in a pilot scale expanded granular sludge blanket reactor and anaerobic membrane bioreactor

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dc.contributor.authorIto, Ayumi
dc.contributor.authorMensah, Lawson
dc.contributor.authorCartmell, Elise
dc.contributor.authorLester, John N.
dc.date.accessioned2016-12-20T12:10:27Z
dc.date.available2016-12-20T12:10:27Z
dc.date.issued2015-09-07
dc.description.abstractAnaerobic treatment of municipal wastewater offers the prospect of a new paradigm by reducing aeration costs and minimizing sludge production. It has been successfully applied in warm climates, but does not always achieve the desired outcomes in temperate climates at the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) values of municipal crude wastewater. Recently the concept of fortification' has been proposed to increase organic strength and has been demonstrated at the laboratory and pilot scale treating municipal wastewater at temperatures of 10-17°C. The process treats a proportion of the flow anaerobically by combining it with primary sludge from the residual flow and then polishing it to a high effluent standard aerobically. Energy consumption is reduced as is sludge production. However, no new treatment process is viable if it only addresses the problems of traditional pollutants (suspended solids - SS, BOD, nitrogen - N and phosphorus - P); it must also treat hazardous substances. This study compared three potential municipal anaerobic treatment regimes, crude wastewater in an expanded granular sludge blanket (EGSB) reactor, fortified crude wastewater in an EGSB and crude wastewater in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor. The benefits of fortification were demonstrated for the removal of SS, BOD, N and P. These three systems were further challenged with the removal of steroid estrogens at environmental concentrations from natural indigenous sources. All three systems removed these compounds to a significant degree, confirming that estrogen removal is not restricted to highly aerobic autotrophs, or aerobic heterotrophs, but is also a faculty of anaerobic bacteria.en_UK
dc.identifier.citationIto A, Mensah L, Cartmell E, Lester J, Removal of steroid estrogens from municipal wastewater in a pilot scale expanded granular sludge blanket reactor and anaerobic membrane bioreactor, Environmental Technology, Volume 37, 2016 - Issue 3, Pages 415-421en_UK
dc.identifier.issn0959-3330
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2015.1070922
dc.identifier.urihttp://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11172
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherTaylor and Francisen_UK
dc.rights© 2015 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. You are free to: Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms. Under the following terms: Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. Information: No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
dc.subjectanaerobic treatmenten_UK
dc.subjectfortificationen_UK
dc.subjectmunicipal wastewateren_UK
dc.subjectsteroid estrogensen_UK
dc.subjecttemperateen_UK
dc.titleRemoval of steroid estrogens from municipal wastewater in a pilot scale expanded granular sludge blanket reactor and anaerobic membrane bioreactoren_UK
dc.typeArticleen_UK

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