Early life sensory ability—ventilatory responses of thornback ray embryos (Raja clavata) to predator-type electric fields

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dc.contributor.authorBall, Rachel Emma
dc.contributor.authorOliver, Matthew Kenneth
dc.contributor.authorGill, Andrew B.
dc.date.accessioned2016-08-16T09:42:56Z
dc.date.available2016-08-16T09:42:56Z
dc.date.issued2015-10-30
dc.description.abstractPredator avoidance is fundamental for survival and it can be particularly challenging for prey animals if physical movement away from a predatory threat is restricted. Many sharks and rays begin life within an egg capsule that is attached to the sea bed. The vulnerability of this sedentary life stage is exacerbated in skates (Rajidae) as the compulsory ventilatory activity of embryos makes them conspicuous to potential predators. Embryos can reduce this risk by mediating ventilatory activity if they detect the presence of a predator using an acute electrosense. To determine how early in embryonic life predator elicited behavioral responses can occur, the reactions of three different age groups (1/3 developed, 2/3 developed, and near hatching) of embryonic thornback rays Raja clavata were tested using predator-type electric field stimuli. Egg capsules were exposed to continuous or intermittent stimuli in order to assess varying predator-type encounter scenarios on the ventilatory behavior of different developmental stages. All embryos reacted with a “freeze response” following initial electric field (E-field) exposure, ceasing ventilatory behavior in response to predator presence, demonstrating electroreceptive functionality for the first time at the earliest possible stage in ontogeny. This ability coincided with the onset of egg ventilatory behavior and may represent an effective means to enhance survival. A continuous application of stimuli over time revealed that embryos can adapt their behavior and resume normal activity, whereas when presented intermittently, the E-field resulted in a significant reduction in overall ventilatory activity across all ages. Recovery from stimuli was significantly quicker in older embryos, potentially indicative of the trade-off between avoiding predation and adequate respiration. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 721–729, 2016en_UK
dc.identifier.citationBall, R. E., Oliver, M. K., Gill A. B. (2015) Early life sensory ability—ventilatory responses of thornback ray embryos (Raja clavata) to predator-type electric fields, Developmental Neurobiology, Vol. 76, Iss. 7, pp. 721-729en_UK
dc.identifier.issn1932-8451
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22355
dc.identifier.urihttp://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/10313
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherWileyen_UK
dc.rightsAttribution-Non-Commercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) You are free to: Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms. Under the following terms: Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. Information: Non-Commercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.en_UK
dc.rightsThis is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Ball, R. E., Oliver, M. K., Gill A. B. (2015) Early life sensory ability—ventilatory responses of thornback ray embryos (Raja clavata) to predator-type electric fields, Developmental Neurobiology, Vol. 76, Iss. 7, pp. 721-729, which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22355. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. http://olabout.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-828039.html#submitted For further information on self-archiving see: http://olabout.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-828039.htmlen_UK
dc.subjectElasmobranchen_UK
dc.subjectElectroreceptionen_UK
dc.subjectRajidaeen_UK
dc.subjectPredator avoidanceen_UK
dc.subjectElectric fielden_UK
dc.titleEarly life sensory ability—ventilatory responses of thornback ray embryos (Raja clavata) to predator-type electric fieldsen_UK
dc.typeArticleen_UK

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