Refinement of Ti-6Al-4V prior-β grain structure in the as-deposited condition via process control during wire-direct energy deposition
dc.contributor.author | Wainwright, James | |
dc.contributor.author | Williams, Stewart | |
dc.contributor.author | Ding, Jialuo | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2023-08-16T15:09:47Z | |
dc.date.available | 2023-08-16T15:09:47Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2023-08-10 | |
dc.description.abstract | This study demonstrates that refinement of the prior-β grains generated during the wire-direct energy deposition of Ti‐6Al‐4V is achievable whilst maintaining a stable processing condition in the as-deposited condition, not reliant on penetration of the feedstock to the melt pool. Previous studies on prior-β grain refinement of Ti‐6Al‐4V have been reliant on either post-processing, alloy modification or agitation of the melt pool to achieve refinement. Through process control alone, it was identified that an increase in the deposition rate for a fixed energy input led to a reduction in the specific energy density of deposited material. Utilising pyrometry, it was determined that the reduction in the specific energy density led to a decrease in the thermal gradient, measured using a linear thermal gradient approximation, encouraging apparent homogenous nucleation within the melt pool. Whilst maintaining a stable ‘droplet’ transfer mode, the gradual reduction in specific energy density transformed the grain structure from the typical columnar morphology through a mixed morphology to an equiaxed grain morphology; confirmed via prior-β grain reconstructions and inverse pole figure analysis made possible by electron back scattered diffraction microscopy of the deposited samples. Microhardness measurements demonstrated larger variations in the refined prior-β grain specimens as compared to the columnar as a result of more complex α morphologies generated. | en_UK |
dc.identifier.citation | Wainwright J, Williams S, Ding J. (2023) Refinement of Ti-6Al-4V prior-β grain structure in the as-deposited condition via process control during wire-direct energy deposition. Additive Manufacturing, Volume 74, July 2023, Article number 103712 | en_UK |
dc.identifier.issn | 2214-7810 | |
dc.identifier.uri | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103712 | |
dc.identifier.uri | https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/20108 | |
dc.language.iso | en | en_UK |
dc.publisher | Elsevier | en_UK |
dc.rights | Attribution 4.0 International | * |
dc.rights.uri | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | * |
dc.subject | Ti-6Al-4V | en_UK |
dc.subject | Additive manufacturing | en_UK |
dc.subject | Grain refinement | en_UK |
dc.subject | Columnar-to-equiaxed transition | en_UK |
dc.subject | As-deposited | en_UK |
dc.title | Refinement of Ti-6Al-4V prior-β grain structure in the as-deposited condition via process control during wire-direct energy deposition | en_UK |
dc.type | Article | en_UK |
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