Refinement of Ti-6Al-4V prior-β grain structure in the as-deposited condition via process control during wire-direct energy deposition

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dc.contributor.authorWainwright, James
dc.contributor.authorWilliams, Stewart
dc.contributor.authorDing, Jialuo
dc.date.accessioned2023-08-16T15:09:47Z
dc.date.available2023-08-16T15:09:47Z
dc.date.issued2023-08-10
dc.description.abstractThis study demonstrates that refinement of the prior-β grains generated during the wire-direct energy deposition of Ti‐6Al‐4V is achievable whilst maintaining a stable processing condition in the as-deposited condition, not reliant on penetration of the feedstock to the melt pool. Previous studies on prior-β grain refinement of Ti‐6Al‐4V have been reliant on either post-processing, alloy modification or agitation of the melt pool to achieve refinement. Through process control alone, it was identified that an increase in the deposition rate for a fixed energy input led to a reduction in the specific energy density of deposited material. Utilising pyrometry, it was determined that the reduction in the specific energy density led to a decrease in the thermal gradient, measured using a linear thermal gradient approximation, encouraging apparent homogenous nucleation within the melt pool. Whilst maintaining a stable ‘droplet’ transfer mode, the gradual reduction in specific energy density transformed the grain structure from the typical columnar morphology through a mixed morphology to an equiaxed grain morphology; confirmed via prior-β grain reconstructions and inverse pole figure analysis made possible by electron back scattered diffraction microscopy of the deposited samples. Microhardness measurements demonstrated larger variations in the refined prior-β grain specimens as compared to the columnar as a result of more complex α morphologies generated.en_UK
dc.identifier.citationWainwright J, Williams S, Ding J. (2023) Refinement of Ti-6Al-4V prior-β grain structure in the as-deposited condition via process control during wire-direct energy deposition. Additive Manufacturing, Volume 74, July 2023, Article number 103712en_UK
dc.identifier.issn2214-7810
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103712
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/20108
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherElsevieren_UK
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/*
dc.subjectTi-6Al-4Ven_UK
dc.subjectAdditive manufacturingen_UK
dc.subjectGrain refinementen_UK
dc.subjectColumnar-to-equiaxed transitionen_UK
dc.subjectAs-depositeden_UK
dc.titleRefinement of Ti-6Al-4V prior-β grain structure in the as-deposited condition via process control during wire-direct energy depositionen_UK
dc.typeArticleen_UK

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