Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, India

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dc.contributor.authorStewart, Gareth J.
dc.contributor.authorNelson, Beth S.
dc.contributor.authorActon, W. Joe F.
dc.contributor.authorVaughan, Adam R.
dc.contributor.authorFarren, Naomi J.
dc.contributor.authorHopkins, James R.
dc.contributor.authorWard, Martyn W.
dc.contributor.authorSwift, Stefan J.
dc.contributor.authorArya, Rahul
dc.contributor.authorMondal, Arnab
dc.contributor.authorJangirh, Ritu
dc.contributor.authorAhlawat, Sakshi
dc.contributor.authorYadav, Lokesh
dc.contributor.authorSharma, Sudhir K.
dc.contributor.authorYunus, Siti S. M.
dc.contributor.authorHewitt, C. Nicholas
dc.contributor.authorNemitz, Eiko
dc.contributor.authorMullinger, Neil
dc.contributor.authorGadi, Ranu
dc.contributor.authorSahu, Lokesh K.
dc.contributor.authorTripathi, Nidhi
dc.contributor.authorRickard, Andrew R.
dc.contributor.authorLee, James D.
dc.contributor.authorMandal, Tuhin K.
dc.contributor.authorHamilton, Jacqueline F.
dc.date.accessioned2021-03-22T16:08:11Z
dc.date.available2021-03-22T16:08:11Z
dc.date.issued2021-02-18
dc.description.abstractBiomass burning emits significant quantities of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) in a complex mixture, probably containing many thousands of chemical species. These components are significantly more toxic and have poorly understood chemistry compared to volatile organic compounds routinely quantified in ambient air; however, analysis of I/SVOCs presents a difficult analytical challenge. The gases and particles emitted during the test combustion of a range of domestic solid fuels collected from across Delhi were sampled and analysed. Organic aerosol was collected onto Teflon (PTFE) filters, and residual low-volatility gases were adsorbed to the surface of solid-phase extraction (SPE) discs. A new method relying on accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) coupled to comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC–ToF-MS) was developed. This highly sensitive and powerful analytical technique enabled over 3000 peaks from I/SVOC species with unique mass spectra to be detected. A total of 15 %–100 % of gas-phase emissions and 7 %–100 % of particle-phase emissions were characterised. The method was analysed for suitability to make quantitative measurements of I/SVOCs using SPE discs. Analysis of SPE discs indicated phenolic and furanic compounds were important for gas-phase I/SVOC emissions and levoglucosan to the aerosol phase. Gas- and particle-phase emission factors for 21 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were derived, including 16 compounds listed by the US EPA as priority pollutants. Gas-phase emissions were dominated by smaller PAHs. The new emission factors were measured (mg kg−1) for PAHs from combustion of cow dung cake (615), municipal solid waste (1022), crop residue (747), sawdust (1236), fuelwood (247), charcoal (151) and liquefied petroleum gas (56). The results of this study indicate that cow dung cake and municipal solid waste burning are likely to be significant PAH sources, and further study is required to quantify their impact alongside emissions from fuelwood burning.en_UK
dc.identifier.citationStewart GJ, Nelson BS, Acton WJF, et al., (2021) Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, India. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Volume 21, Issue 4, 2021, pp. 2407-2426en_UK
dc.identifier.issn1680-7316
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2407-2021
dc.identifier.urihttp://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/16491
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherEuropean Geosciences Union /Copernicus Publicationsen_UK
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/*
dc.titleEmissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, Indiaen_UK
dc.typeArticleen_UK

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