A scanning electron microscopy study of projectile entry fractures in cortical bone; genesis and microarchitectural features

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dc.contributor.authorRickman, John M.
dc.contributor.authorPainter, Jonathan
dc.contributor.authorHazael, Rachael
dc.date.accessioned2022-01-07T14:04:38Z
dc.date.available2022-01-07T14:04:38Z
dc.date.issued2021-12-13
dc.description.abstractThe present paper presents a scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the genesis and microarchitecture of experimentally induced cortical entry fractures in porcine scapulae impacted at velocities ranging from 54 to 897 m/s. SEM observation was conducted on polyurethane replicas cast from negative silicone moulds. Analysis of the sequence of fracture processes operative during projectile impact revealed the presence of ring cracks at the site of impact, confirming that penetration in sandwich bones is achieved by cone crack propagation. Despite impulsive loading, two forms of plastic deformation were identified in the cortical bone surrounding the entry fracture up to a maximum velocity of 871 m/s. Microscopic radial and concentric cracks were associated with projectile impact, and the role of pores and pits as stress concentrators was captured. Possible underlying mechanisms for the observed plastic deformation are described, and the diagnostic utility of SEM analysis is presented.en_UK
dc.identifier.citationRickman JM, Painter J, Hazael R. (2022) A scanning electron microscopy study of projectile entry fractures in cortical bone; genesis and microarchitectural features. International Journal of Legal Medicine, Volume 136, Issue 2, March 2022, pp. 629–648en_UK
dc.identifier.issn0937-9827
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-021-02743-4
dc.identifier.urihttp://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/17386
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherSpringeren_UK
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/*
dc.subjectForensic anthropologyen_UK
dc.subjectProjectile traumaen_UK
dc.subjectRing crackingen_UK
dc.subjectCone crackingen_UK
dc.subjectPlastic deformationen_UK
dc.subjectShock wavesen_UK
dc.subjectHydroxyapatite crystalsen_UK
dc.titleA scanning electron microscopy study of projectile entry fractures in cortical bone; genesis and microarchitectural featuresen_UK
dc.typeArticleen_UK

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