Revolutionizing seafood packaging: advancements in biopolymer smart nano-packaging for extended shelf-life and quality assurance

Food packaging is one of the most important strategies to prevent food damage or spoilage during storage and the supply chain. Among various food types, seafood, a high-value product, is particularly vulnerable to post-harvest quality loss and microbial contamination during storage. Although current plastic-based packaging materials are durable, they pose a serious threat to the environment. Therefore, research on natural biopolymers for packaging is a top priority for scientists, industries, and government bodies. Additionally, nanoengineering concepts enhance the physicochemical and functional properties of biopolymers, thereby revolutionizing the packaging industry. This review provides a comprehensive discussion on smart nano-packaging for seafood products. It focuses on advancements in biopolymer smart nano-packaging as a transformative solution for extending the shelf life and ensuring the quality of seafood products. Existing knowledge highlights the functionality of biopolymers and nanotechnology, but gaps remain in addressing practical applications, such as scalability, cost-efficiency, and consumer safety. This review bridges these gaps by providing a detailed analysis of biopolymer-based active and intelligent packaging systems, which integrate antioxidant, antimicrobial, and freshness-indicating properties. It emphasizes the unique contributions of nanoengineering to enhance biopolymer properties, offering innovative solutions to the seafood packaging industry while promoting environmental sustainability.