Anaerobic membrane bioreactors in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket configuration for energy neutral sewage treatment.

Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) are emerging as a promising technology to offer the prospect to achieve energy neutral sewage treatment. The key challenges limiting full-scale application of AnMBR for municipal wastewater treatment are high operational cost of energy demand for fouling control and high capital cost of membrane investments. This thesis explores a novel pseudo dead-end gas sparging regime for membrane fouling control, enabling a high sustainable flux (15 L m ¯² h¯¹) with low energy demand (0.14 kWh m⁻³ ) in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) configured AnMBR, sufficient to achieve energy neutral sewage treatment. However, this strategy is only possible within low solids environment, emphasising the importance of solids management in the UASB reactor. Solids accumulated in the sludge blanket enhances UASB treatment efficiency during the steady-state operation, indicating to control the sludge blanket at a threshold between the sludge blanket development and steady-state period. The granular inoculum has good stability which exerts a positive influence on reactor stability and sustained permeability, whilst the flocculent inoculum enables to deliver similar sustained membrane operation provided the sludge blanket is controlled. Low temperatures (average temperature of 10 °C) cause the instability of UASB reactor especially for the one with flocculent inoculum biomass. It is therefore proposed to keep relatively high upflow velocity (Vup) of 0.8-0.9 m h⁻¹ in the UASB reactor for granular AnMBR to promote the stratification of particular and granular material, whilst reducing Vup to 0.4 m h⁻¹ for flocculent AnMBR to minimise solids washout and sustain membrane operation at low temperatures. The potential for permeability recovery following peak flow (diurnal peaks and storm water flows) has been investigated and evidenced, suggesting that membrane surface area for AnMBR can be specified based on average flow, providing a considerable (67 %) capital cost reduction compared with the design based on peak flows (three times of average flow). Importantly, this thesis promotes UASB configured AnMBR as a highly reliable and more economically viable technology, facilitating to achieve the energy neutral sewage treatment at ambient temperature.