In recent years, it has been reported that numbers of Escherichia coli increase significantly following centrifugation of sludge during the treatment process. E. coli is used as an indicator of the microbiological quality ...

Like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient. When soils are deficient in P, external P in the form of fertilisers must be applied to increase crop yields. Population growth and changes in dietary ...

Sewage sludge is a potentially valuable resource that can enhance both the structure and fertility of soil. However, it can also harbour enteric pathogens which pose a significant socio-economic risk to society. Therefore ...

There is a regulatory tension within wastewater treatment, between the requirement to meet tightening consents and the need to reduce the carbon footprint of treatment processes. With 75% of wastewater treatment ...

The provision of safely managed sanitation in densely populated urban settlements of cities in low- and middle-income countries poses complex challenges. To address these challenges, Cranfield University is developing ...

About 2.7 billion people worldwide have access to onsite sanitation technologies, and that number is expected to increase to 5 billion by 2030. In Sub-Saharan Africa, 65-100% of sanitation access in urban areas is provided ...