Abstract:
During the past decade, polymer nanocomposites have emerged as a novel and
rapidly developing class of materials and attracted considerable investment in research
and development worldwide. Driven by the certainty that by the integration
of low nano ller amounts, existing material properties can be improved and moreover
new material properties can be developed. Despite the clear bene t and
therefore, increasing research, production and utilisation of nanomaterials, little
is known about how nanocomposites will perform over their whole life cycle, especially
in the usage and end of life phase. Under the in uence of environmental
factors such as ultraviolet light, moisture, temperature and mechanical actions,
nano-sized particles can be potentially released from nanocomposites and thus
may have negative e ects on the human health and the environment.
Within the scope of this work an extensive literature review has been conducted
in which polymer nanocomposites are brie y introduced and release scenarios of
engineered nano-sized particles from nanocomposites during their life cycle are discussed.
In the experimental part of this work silica based polypropylene, polyamide
and polyurethane composites were manufactured and particle exposure mechanism
during mechanical processing and testing were monitored and analysed. A series of
comprehensive physical characterisation techniques were utilised to assess particle
size distribution, shape, and concentration in di erent mediums, once emitted by
the solid composite materials.
It was observed that during drilling of PA6 composites, the airborne particle emission rates were 10 times higher than those for the PP based composites. However,
the characterisation of deposited particles showed exactly the opposite behaviour,
were the total number of particles emitted by the PP based composites was 10-100
times higher than those of the PA6 based composites. To the best of our knowledge,
this is the rst time such work has been reported in the literature.
Further, the addition of secondary ller into a polymer/glass- bre composites
changed the micro-mechanism during crash testing and therefore controlled the
energy absorption characteristics of the composites. However, it was shown that
once subjected to higher impact energies the geometric particle size of the released
particles increased from approx. 25 nm for the 530 J to approx. 60 nm for the
1560 J impact. Additionally, the tensile modulus increased by 0.31 GPa and the
speci c energy absorbed during impact test increased from 20.7 kJ to 22.6 kJ by
using nano-SiO2 alternative to micro-SiO2 particles in PP/glass- bre matrix. Even
though a respective enhancement in mechanical properties were observed by using
nano llers over micro llers, no signi cant di erence in particle emission during
impact test were measured.
Further, it could be shown that during drilling and testing, nano-sized particles
were released from all materials studied, regardless of whether they had nanoparticles
integrated or not. In one particular case, the neat polymer matrix generated
more nano-sized particles during drilling than the exfoliated PA6/nanoclay
nanocomposite. Hence, the addition of nanoclay can have bene cial impact in
terms of controlled particle release. However, in general the addition of nano llers
increased the particle emission rates during drilling and impact testing of the
nanocomposites. Further, the emitted nano-sized particles were not all free engineered
pristine nanoparticles but also hybrid particles consisting of matrix/nano ller
material. A signi cant set of data was obtained during this study and hence the
outcomes sets an excellent foundation for risk assessment and life cycle analysis of
silica based polypropylene, polyamide and polyurethane nanocomposites.