On the use of the boundary layer integral equations for the prediction of skin friction and heat transfer

The usefulness of the energy equation integrated over the thickness of the boundary layer, in predicing heat transfer rates to smooth body surfaces in investigated. It is found that on assuming very simple closure relations, similar to those often used with the momentum equation, highly accurate predictions are made. It is shown further that the usefulness of these predictions extend into areas where the momentum equation-skin friction predictions, which have proved so popular, break down such as regions of reverse flow and shock/boundary layer interactions. The technique is has been tested in laminar transitional and turbulent flows with both experiment and other more complex theories. The technique is extended to three-dimensional laminar flows with the inclusion of a crossflow model.