dc.description.abstract |
Whilst much is known about the physics and erosion of soil surfaces on a millimetre
scale, little is known about the associated microbiology, particularly in temperate
arable systems. The vast majority of research regarding microbial interactions at soil
surfaces has concerned microbiotic crusts. However, such surface crusts take many
years to form and then only in relatively undisturbed soil systems. Arable soil surfaces
are subject to relatively extreme environmental conditions, potentially undergoing
rapid changes in relation to temperature, water status and solar radiation compared to
deeper soil zones. These extreme environmental parameters are likely to have a large
impact on the biota found at the arable soil surface when compared to that which
occurs in deeper soil zones.
Phenotypic profiling using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, microbial
biomass, and chlorophyll concentration were used to characterise soil microbial
communities with the aim of quantifying differences within the surface layers of
arable systems on a millimetre scale. This field work was supported with a series of
microcosm-scale studies in which parameters such as length of time between
disturbance events and the quality of light reaching the soil surface were controlled.
Using microcosms subjected to simulated rainfall and imaged using X-ray computed
tomography scanning, the effects of the soil surface microbiota on associated physical
properties including structural integrity, porosity, erodibility and hydrological
properties were investigated.
This research showed that given sufficient time between disturbance events,
environmental parameters such as temperature and wet:dry cycling were sufficient to
drive the formation of a distinct soil surface phenotype, which appeared to be
consistently confined to an order of depth of circa 1 mm. It was notable that the
PLFA 16:0 was consistently associated with discrimination between phenotypes
between soil surface layers. Calculation of the ratio of fungal to bacterial PLFA
biomarkers showed a consistently higher ratio of fungi to bacteria present in the soil
surface layer to a depth of circa 1 mm, providing evidence that fungi grow
preferentially over the soil surface compared to through the soil matrix.
Further investigation demonstrated that light, particularly at photosynthetically active
wavelengths, was the main driving factor in the establishment of the distinct soil
surface phenotypes. The inocula which drove the formation of such soil-surface
community phenotypes, especially the photoautotrophic components, was
demonstrated to derive predominantly from aerial sources.
Functionally the nature of the soil surface community was found to affect run-off
generation and shear strength at the surface. There was no significant impact of the
soil surface microbiota on erodibility or water infiltration rates, although whilst
distinct surface phenotypes had developed in this experimental circumstance, these
were relatively deficient in photoautotrophs compared to other microcosm
experiments and field circumstances, and hence extrapolation of this conclusion is not
sound.
This project has demonstrated that a soil surface ecological niche may exist in other
unexplored soil surfaces and highlights the needs to explore this possibility and to
examine any associated functional consequence should such niches be found to exist. |
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