Abstract:
Since 1950 the global plastics production increased at a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of about 8.5 % and it is expected to grow in the next 5 years
at a CAGR of about 4 %. The estimated amount of plastics that ended up in
landfill and natural environment in the past 70 years is 4.9 billion tonnes. Most of
this comprises of thermoplastics which can be potentially recycled and
reintroduced in the new circular plastic economy reducing the use of virgin fossil
resources. To achieve this, more information is needed on recovered plastics
physico-chemical characteristics and their suitability for conventional recycling
processes. Due to the expected contamination and degradation of excavated
plastics, potential upcycling routes need to be explored to produce marketable
products. The plastic recycling, fresh waste or excavated, needs to fit into the
circular economy strategy which aims to maximise service life and minimise
waste. In the case of recovered plastics, the starting material is unused and must
be renovated to become useful again. Between common recycling routes for
fresh plastic waste, chemical recycling was found in line with the circular economy
concept. Specifically, the pyrolysis method leads to the production of chemical
compounds that can be used in the plastic industry. This PhD investigates the
feasibility of producing valuable products from the pyrolysis of excavated plastics
from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill. Firstly, the physico-chemical
characteristics of genuine plastic from landfills were analysed. The chemical and
mechanical properties of buried plastics were hypothesised to be affected by the
chemical, biochemical and physical parameters within a landfill environment.
Secondly, the potential valuable products from the pyrolysis of recovered plastics
were investigated. Polyethylene and polypropylene represented 64 wt% of total
recovered plastics. The samples with storage of more than 10 years in landfill
showed a general greater extent of degradation compared to newer samples. The
pyrolysis of excavated plastics at 500°C and 650°C produced the highest level of
hydrocarbons and most of the pyrolysis products fitted within the naphtha range
(C6-C10) which has a high potential to be used in the petrochemical cluster. The
findings from this PhD bring to the attention that buried plastics have hidden
potential. These plastics have, in the past, been considered useless by virtue of
being landfilled and are potentially harmful to the environment and ecosystem
long-term in closed landfill sites. This work demonstrates the potential of
recovering value from excavated plastics as part of an enhanced landfill mining
project, reducing the need for virgin fossil fuel, preventing long-term pollutants
release and producing valuable and useful products.