Abstract:
A remarkable proportion (about 64%) of renewable biomass energy is produced
from woody biomass (wood and its wastes). However, waste wood (WW) often
exhibits a high level of chemical contaminants, likely due to the presence of
metal(loid) elements in preservatives, paintings, coatings, and other related
activities. By thermally treating WW, the metal(loid)s will end up in the bottom ash
and/or be emitted into the atmosphere, causing severe environmental concerns
and technical damages (e.g. slagging and corrosion). Thus, it is necessary to
understand the behaviour of metal(loid)s during the woody biomass thermal
conversion process, specifically gasification and pyrolysis. While a great deal of
knowledge is available on this matter, there is still uncertainty surrounding the
identification and characterisation of metal(loid) elements in relation to woody
biomass utilisation, as well as the influences of reaction atmosphere composition
in terms of interactions and interferences. In addition to that, knowledge is needed
on partitioning profiles of the key metal(loid) elements during the gasification and
pyrolysis of WW in order to evaluate the emission potential of these elements.
This thesis firstly provides a highly informative dataset that contains
comprehensive details about the characterisation and elemental composition of
key metal(loid) elements (As, B, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Mn, Hg and Ti) that are
regularly present in woody biomass. Moreover, chemical equilibrium calculations
were performed to predict elemental phase transformation and speciation
formation under given gasification and pyrolysis operation conditions. Among the
results, it was found that Ni-As interactions form the dominant species As₂Ni₅ and
As₈Ni₁₁, which increase the solid-gaseous phase transformation of As. In
addition, the Ca-Cr interaction forms C₃Cr₇; meanwhile, the absence of Ca
creates instability in the Cr phase transformation due to the generation of the
species Cr₂Na₂O₄.
Subsequently, a set of experiments were conducted using a TGA analyser with
different heating rates to understand the thermal behaviour of woody biomass
and define the operational conditions of the pyrolysis process. Tube furnace
experiments were also conducted to investigate the distributions of Al, As, Ca,
Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Na, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Si, Ti, V, and, Zn during the
operation of pyrolysis. Experimental results indicated that Cd and Hg are
exceedingly volatile elements, whereas Al, Co, Cr, Cu Fe, Mo, Ni, Si, Ti, and V
are non-volatile elements. The elements As, Mn, Pb, and Zn exhibited differences
in partitioning across all experiments. Importantly, this study provides unique
insight into the behaviour of As in terms of As-Ni interaction. That is, the presence
of Ni should be regarded in combination with its associated concentration profile.
Finally, the experimental data and the calculation results are complementary
rather than competitive. Overall, the experimental results are within acceptable
validation limits.