Abstract:
This thesis sets out the results of a mixed methods research project comprising three separate
studies that look to address the overarching research question: how do trigger events in the form
of crises and legislation affect (i) corporate reporting, i.e. through voluntary disclosure and
earnings management, and (ii) governance, compliance and internal controls? This important
topic, which sits at the intersection of three research domains - crisis management; corporate
control and governance; and financial reporting quality - has not been targeted in a holistic way
in prior studies. This thesis aims to shed new light on the topic by addressing this gap.
Paper 1 comprises a systematic literature review (SLR) which is motivated by the research
question: - how do crisis trigger events (corruption scandal, transparency legislation, and
recession) impact corporate responses in the form of management actions, and their reporting
choices around voluntary disclosure and earnings management? Adopting established SLR
methodology, the review identifies 91 articles from research domains across management,
accounting and finance. The study synthesizes key findings from the sample, identifies
emergent themes, and constructs a conceptual crisis response framework centred on dynamic
stakeholder management for determining action and reporting choices, which must be navigated
within a control and regulatory environment that chiefly influences reporting response options.
The paper also sets out implications for practitioners and policy makers, makes the case for
Brazil as a fruitful location for relevant and interesting studies, and presents a tangible research
agenda which is used to inform Papers 2 and 3.
Paper 2 is a case study which examines how Petrobras responded to a major corruption scandal
in the period 2010-2017 through (i) disclosures in its annual report (AR), sustainability report
(SR), and press releases; and (ii) organizational restructuring changes made to strengthen
governance and controls in response to the crisis. We find evidence in support a legitimacy
theory explanation of a strategy to repair trust with key stakeholders through (i) enhanced
disclosure and (ii) an evolving sequence of actions to regain control and restructure the
organization, pursuant to trust repair models. In addition, we obtained new insights into how a
company uses the AR and SR to target different stakeholder groups and communicate
differently with them to manage their respective legitimacy concerns, findings which support
stakeholder theory and organizational façade theory explanations. Finally, our review of actions
taken by management shows that these align well with models of trust repair and legitimacy
management, and appear to have resulted in Petrobras successfully regaining legitimacy by
2017.
Paper 3 is a quantitative study which assesses how three major external events influenced
earnings management in Brazil during the period 2000 – 2017. We consider the effect of the
Petrobras corruption crisis, recession, and the introduction of a new transparency law (the Brazil
Clean Company Act (BCCA)). We find that the corruption crisis affecting Petrobras in 2014
and 2015 (and the resulting external scrutiny from regulators, media and the public associated
with it), was of such an intensity that it had an impact similar to that of legislation elsewhere,
such as Sarbanes-Oxley: - i.e. in Brazil during the corruption crisis the level of accruals-based
earnings management (AEM) decreased and real earnings management (REM) increased as the
two were used as substitutes. During recession, firms reduced the level of REM they use, which
is consistent with an interpretation that this costly form of manipulation is not required when all
firms are facing unfavourable reporting. BCCA, which was introduced in 2014 to improve
transparency and reduce corruption, has had the effect of reducing real earnings management,
which we interpret as being due to an increased focus on compliance and governance with
improved tone at the top. This study is the first to consider the impact of both a corruption crisis
and transparency legislation on earnings management behaviour, and adds to extant knowledge
on what influences REM usage, the results of which widen our understanding of how
management weighs the costs and benefits of its manipulation options, dependent on external
scrutiny and the quality of internal governance mechanisms
Overall, the results from the three papers enable us to contribute to the research literature in a
number of ways in respect of the influence specific crisis and exogenous shock events have on
management decision making related to (i) its responsive actions to ensure the adequacy of its
governance and controls environment, and (ii) in the reporting and communication choices it
makes around earnings management and voluntary disclosure; findings which have relevance
beyond the Brazilian environment.