Abstract:
Companies increasingly collaborate with external stakeholders to deliver sustainability-
oriented innovations intended to address environmental and social challenges. These
partnerships have the potential to combine the diverse resources and capabilities required
to implement systemic change, but suffer from conflicts and tensions arising from
differences in partners’ objectives driven by their contrasting institutional logics (or
‘value frames’). Through three interconnected studies written as journal articles, this
thesis contributes to our understanding of how companies can effectively engage their
stakeholders in sustainability-oriented innovation. A systematic literature review
integrates evidence from 88 scientific articles into a framework revealing the hierarchy
of capabilities required to integrate a company’s stakeholders in sustainability-oriented
innovation. Notably, a tier of second-order stakeholder learning capabilities is identified
which enables companies to acknowledge, work positively with and learn from
differences between themselves and their partners. These differences, as well as the
mechanisms and strategies employed to navigate them, are further investigated through
eight case studies of sustainability-innovation partnerships. First, findings from a subset
of five business-nonprofit partnerships are synthesized into an action-oriented ‘CIMO-
logic’ framework which sets out the stakeholder interventions used and the value
outcomes generated. Whilst project outcomes are achieved by partners enforcing their
own interests through agent control, total value is enhanced when partners recombine
their resources and capabilities through resource integration; this process is facilitated by
partners navigating differences between their value frames through value empathy.
Second, analysis of all eight case studies focuses in on this issue of recognizing and
reconciling difference. Five dimensions of difference between partners emerge (goal
salience, goal instrumentality, temporal focus, language and collaborative intent) along
with five strategies deployed to reconcile tensions arising from these differences
(engagement logic alignment, cultural bridging, partner positioning, project scoping and
success measurement). Taken together, the thesis’s findings advance our understanding
of how companies can effectively integrate stakeholder perspectives into their
sustainability-oriented innovation processes. They may have implications for other
innovation and partnerships contexts involving stakeholders, including those from diverse
institutional settings.