dc.description.abstract |
Soil erosion is a global problem which needs mitigating due to the on-site and off-
site impacts it causes. Soil erosion is set to become an even greater problem due
to climate change. Climate change is likely to increase the intensity, frequency
and duration of precipitation events. This change in precipitation will increase flow
erosivity and thus increase the chance of soil detachment. Grass-based erosion
mitigation features will have to be able to withstand a higher volume of water as
runoff volumes will increase due to climate change. An increased surface runoff
rate will increase sediment transport capacity leading to more soil erosion when
coupled with an increased detachment rate therefore solutions for the future need
to be researched.
Grass-based erosion mitigation features such as swales, buffer strips and
grassed water ways (GWWs) have been shown to be effective. In this study,
Festulolium Bx511 (F2), Festulolium cv Prior (F1) and a mixture of Festuca rubra
and Lolium perenne (C) were used in mixtures and monocultures to investigate
their efficacy in mitigating erosion.
Experiment 1 used growth rooms under different climatic conditions, a summer
scenario (22°C) and an autumn scenario (15°C). There were also different rainfall
scenarios, drought (No rainfall), normal (100 % rainfall based on average rainfall
(1981 – 2010) average rainfall (1981 – 2010) data from the Met Office) and
excess (200 % of average rainfall (1981 – 2010) based on data from the Met
Office) to see how they would affect the plant traits needed for erosion control.
For summer establishment conditions the normal rainfall value was 49.2 mm, and
the excess rainfall was 98.4 mm. For autumn establishment conditions the normal
rainfall was 81.9 mm, and the excess value was 163.8 mm. A plant trait ranking
system was devised, the species which showed promise were taken forward and
used within hydraulic flume experiments to assess actual soil erosion mitigation
potential.
Plant traits linked to erosion control include both above ground (% cover, plant
height, number of stems, number of tillers, stem diameter (mm), stem area
density (mm² mm-²), above ground biomass (g) and below ground traits (root total
length (cm), root total surface area (cm² ), root diameter (mm) and total root length
(cm) of ≤0.25 mm diameter. Climate change is likely to change how grass plant
traits are manifest due to the differing climatic conditions. Therefore, any solutions
currently promoted that utilise grass monocultures and mixtures for erosion
mitigation features such as GWWs may need to be revised to mitigate for climate
change. Conclusions from Experiment 1 include that species selection for soil
erosion control features such as GWWs must consider potential rainfall and
temperature conditions during the grass establishment for optimal erosion
control. There were, however, two species combinations which could be
considered as year-round candidates, Fest_1+Fest_2+C and C.
Experiment 2 was a hydraulic flume experiment where the inflow rates used were
0.2 – 1.4 l s¯¹. Significant differences in the following plant traits; number of stems,
number of tillers, stem diameter (mm), stem area density (mm² mm-²), total root
length (≤0.25 mm ⌀), total root surface area (cm ² ), and root diameter (mm) were
observed between different treatments. Conv had a significantly higher number
of stems as compared to all other experimental treatments. Fest_1 had a
significantly higher number of tillers, stem diameter and stem area density as
compared to all other treatments. Fest_1+Fest_2+C had a significantly higher
total root length (≤0.25 mm ⌀) as compared to Conv. Fest_1+2 had a significantly
higher total root surface area than the Fest_1 and Fest_1+Fest_2+C
experimental treatments. Fest_1+Fest_2 had a significantly higher root diameter
as compared to the Fest_1+Fest_2+C experimental treatment. However,
significant differences did not manifest in sediment concentration. In conclusion,
it did not matter if grass species monocultures or mixtures were used as there
were no significant differences in sediment concentration between the
experimental grass treatments.
Experiment 3 was also a hydraulic flume experiment where the inflow rates used
were 0.2 – 2.6 l s¯¹. In this experiment there was a lowered seeding rate (L) and
a recommended seeding rate used (N). There were significant differences in plant
traits and also in sediment concentration. The critical thresholds for the
Environment Agency (EA) major event classification of 1000 mg l¯¹ to be reached
were determined for Experiment 3. There were several experimental grass
treatments which did not breach the limit set out by the EA (Conv N, Fest_1+2 L,
Fest_1 N and Conv L). In conclusion the Conv L, Fest_1 N and Fest_1+2 L
species treatments should be recommended for farmers for use in soil erosion
mitigation features such as grassed waterways.
This thesis was made possible thanks to the soils training and research
studentship centre for doctoral training (STARS CDT). It was funded by
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and Natural
Environment Research Council (NERC), Grant/Award Number: NE-R010218-1. |
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