Abstract:
Fracture and toughening mechanisms in rubber modified and hybridized urethane-methacrylate
resins have been investigated. Fracture mechanisms are defect-dominated in the unmodified
resin. The relationships between defect size and fracture strength are characterized through
the critical stress intensity factor KIC. Low fracture toughness and high crack sensitivity of
the unmodified resin is due to lack of plastic deformation at the crack tip. A 10-fold increase
in fracture resistance in the resin has been achieved through rubber modification. The main
reason for the improvement is due to occurring of intensive plastic deformation in the
presence of rubber, which effectively eases stress concentrations and spreads them away from
the crack tip. Deformation mechanisms in rubber-modified resins are shear-dominated.
Cavitation of rubber plays a key role in inducing shear deformation in the matrix. Fracture
processes in rubber-modified resins start from coalescence and linkage of voids initiated
inside rubber particles within rubber domains, which leads to final fracture in the resin matrix.
Further increase in KIC was also obtained by incorporation of filler in a matrix toughened with
rubber. This increase is not due to the effect of crack front pinning but due to increase in
Young’s modulus in the presence of rigid filler. The same deformation and fracture
mechanisms operate in the hybrid resins as in the rubber-modified ones.