Newtonian theory, both in the form of the Modified-Newtonian and the Newton- Busemann pressure laws, is used to find the shape, cloth area and drag of the axisymmetric canopy of a hypersonic parachute, whose only ...

The two-dimensional supersonic sail is analysed using Busemann's second-order theory. It is found to have a universal shape, which is part of a Sici spiral. Aerodynamic characteristics are calculated for a few sails. The ...