CoA. Notes: Production and Industrial Administration (1963-1969)
Permanent URI for this collection
Browse
Recent Submissions
Item Open Access The improvement of micro-electronic component production operations by the application of cranfield developed precision engineering techniques(College of Aeronautics, 1969-10) McRobb, R. M.From an examination of the Cranfield Universal Measuring Machine certain features were selected. These features were linked together with some of the manufacturing and assembly operations used to make dual-in-line integrated circuits. The result was a group of design specifications for automatic machines to effect substantial improvements in productivity in those manufacturing operations. The report describes the preliminary work which culminated in the preparation of specifications, discussions with manufacturers and changes which were made as a result of these discussions. The report concludes with a number of proposals for continuing the main work and suggests certain additional, separate, investigations which, it is thought, would produce information of value to the semi-conductor industry.Item Open Access Sampling techniques and their application to managerial problems(College of Aeronautics, 1968-10) Wiltshire, H. C.In future managers will depend more on numerical information in making decisions, and this information will be more readily available with the extension of the use of computers. Some of the decisions made by management are of necessity based on information which, although expressed numerical l7 is usually doubtful to a greater or lesser extent. The theory of probability provides a means of quantifying the degree of doubt in mathematical terms. The basic concepts of sampling techniques are described and although a manager does not necessarily have to be thoroughly acquainted with the mathematical and statistical content, he should at least know what techniques are available and how they should be used. The measurements of central tendency and dispersion are described, together with the Normal and Negative exponential distributions. The measurements of the standard error of the means for both small and large samples are given and exemplified. A method of determining the number of observations required in a Time Study is introduced. The general theory of significance tests is described and illustrated with examples. t and x2 tests are described and the corresponding tables are appended. The use of single and bivariate proportionate sampling techniques is illustrated, and the modifications required when the costs of the respective strata samples are incorporated. The significance of symmetrical and asymmetrical confidence regions is shown. Examples are given of the application of statistical quality control and also of Sequential Analysis.Item Open Access Studies of selected aspects of business in Europe(College of Aeronautics, 1968-01) Cranfield Management Development Programme no. 7.Preface The Cranfield Management Development Programme is an intensive ten week course for middle management aged 28 - 45. The courses which are held twice yearly started in 1964; the seventh of these, M.D.P.7, was held from October - December 1967. The members of the course are drawn from a variety of businesses and have previous experience in one or more of the main fields of business activity, e.g. general management, marketing, production, finance. As part of the course two weeks are devoted to studying business conditions on the continent of Europe. For this tour the members are formed into small groups who study particular projects. Throughout the visits the emphasis is on discussion with Senior Executives. The specific objectives of the European Tour are:- 1. To use this exposure to a new environment to effect some measure of re-evaluation of their past business experience in the United Kingdom. 2. To acquaint members with business problems in different European environments and to Provide an opportunity to discuss business Problems with European managers. To study problems that confront British companies who do business in or with European countries. M.D.P. 7 were in Europe from 12th - 24th November 1967 during which Period the following cities were visited; Gothenburg, Copenhagen, Hamburg, Rotterdam and Brussels. In each city discussions were arranged -with a representative cross-section of the business community. These included British Embassy Staff, British Chambers of Commerce, Local Bankers, Industrial Companies, Advertising Agents, Trade Union Officials, Management Consultants, British Subsidiaries and the E.E.C. Commission. This report is split into sections representing the work of the project groups. The time available was not sufficient for a study in depth of any of the chosen subjects. Nevertheless the large number of interviews and frank discussions with British and foreign businessmen enabled the writers to gain an insight into many aspects of European business. The report must necessarily concern itself largely with opinions - those of the writers and the persons interviewed. The College would like to express its appreciation of the co-operation and frank answers to searching questions received from all the businessmen, trade unionists and others we had the pleasure of meeting during the tour. We would like to give particular thanks to those who entertained the course members. The success of the tour owes a very great deal to the hard work done on our behalf by British officials. In particular thanks are due to the Foreign Office (Economic Section), Board of Trade (Export Services Branch) and the Embassies or Consulates in the cities visited.Item Open Access Studies of four aspects of business in Europe(College of Aeronautics, 1966-07) Cranfield Management Development Programme No. 4.Preface The Cranfield Management Development Programme is an intensive ten week course for middle management aged 28 - 38. The courses which are held twice yearly started in 1964; the fourth of these, MDP 4, was held from April - July, 1966. The members of the course are drawn from a variety of businesses and have previous experience in one or more of the main fields of business activity, e.g. general management, marketing, production, finance. As part of the course two weeks are devoted to studying business conditions in Europe. For this tour the members are formed into snail groups who study particular projects. Throughout the visits the *nphasis is on discussion with Senior Executives. The specific objectives of the European Tour are: expose members to business problems in different European environments and to provide an opportunity to discuss business problems with European Managers. To study the problems that confront British Companies who do business in or with European countries. To use this exposure to a new environment to effect some measure of re-evaluation of their past business experiences in the United Kingdom. MDP 4 were in Europe from 13th - 24th June, 1966, during which period the following cities were visited; Paris, Milan, Zurich, Frankfurt, and Brussels. In each city discussions were arranged with a representative cross-section of the business community. These included British Embassy Staff, British Chambers of Commerce, Local. Bankers, Industrial Companies, Advertising Agents, Trade Union Officials, Management Consultants, British Subsidiaries and the E.E.C. Commission. On their return from Europe a meeting was held at the Institute of Directors in London where the members of the course presented their findings to a group of businessmen, representatives of the Export Council for Europe and the Confederation of British Industries. This report is split into four parts representing the work of the four project groups.Item Open Access Thrust and stiffness nomograms for hydrostatic bearing calculations(College of Aeronautics, 1966-08) Cooke, P.; Scarr, A. J.The application of hydrostatic lubrication to slideways is now becoming common practice in the machine tool industry. The theoretical basis for determining design parameters for hydrostatic lubrication is well established (Refs. 1 and 2) but one of the practical problems facing the machine tool designer wishing to use this technique is the tedious computation involved in arriving at suitable design parameters ... [cont.].Item Open Access Incremental control(College of Aeronautics, 1969-06) Watson, A. L.; McQue, D. W.This Note describes the control of a centre lathe using stepping motors and a small computer. The mechanical conversion is low cost and the system described is readily adaptable to the simultaneous control of a group of machine tools.Item Open Access Dimensional changes resulting from the heat treatment of EN 30B and Nimar 125(College of Aeronautics, 1966-12) Noble, C. F.Three components have been manufactured in both EN 30B and N1MAR 125. Dimensional changes following heat treatment have been recorded and, while the sample is only small, the report serves to illustrate the potential benefits which arise from the use of a maraging steel. NIMAR 125 is shown to have reasonably predictable dimensional characteristics and thus indicates the feasibility of completing all machining operations prior to heat treatment.Item Open Access Business in Europe: three studies of European business and the prospects for British companies exporting to or establishing subsidiaries in Europe(College of Aeronautics, 1965-07) Cranfield Management Development Programme, (MDPii)The Cranfield Management Development Programme is an intensive ten week course for middle management aged 23 - 38. The courses which are held twice yearly started in 1964; the second of these MDP II was held from April - June, 1965. The members of the course are drawn from a variety of businesses and have previous experience in one or more of the main fields of business activity e.g. general management, marketing, production. As part of the course two weeks are devoted to studying business conditions in Europe. For this tour the members are formed into small groups who study particular projects. MDP II were in Europe from 7th-17th June, 1965 during which period the following cities were visited; Paris, Milan, Zurich, Frankfurt and Brussels. In each city discussions were arranged with a representative cross-section of the business community. These included British Embassy Staff, British Chambers of Commerce, local bankers, industrial companies, advertising agents, Trade Union officials, management consultants and British subsidiaries. On their return from Europe a meeting was held at the Institute of Directors in London where the members of the course presented their findings to a group of businessmen, and representatives of the Export Council for Europe and the Federation of British Industries. This report is split into three parts representing the work of the three project groups who studied the effectiveness of European business, British exports and the establishment of British subsidiaries in Europe.Item Open Access Investigation into the possibility of applying lubrication theory to the selection of optimum clearance fits for plain hydrodynamically lubricated bearings(College of Aeronautics, 1964-02) Loxham, J.BS1916 limits and fits for engineering is based on ISA bulletin 25 which was first issued in 1921 and designed for use with the metric system. It provides a wide range of tolerances for holes and shafts from which it is possible by suitable selection to satisfy a wide range of engineering requirements. The basic principle underlying the system is the allocation of letters to signify the magnitude of the displacement of that part of the tolerance zone which is nearest to the basic size and a number to indicate the magnitude of the tolerance. Capital letters are used for holes, small letters for shafts. The numbers referred to as fundamental tolerances are common to holes and shafts. In applying the system to inch sizes care was taken to ensure that fit combinations (H6/k4) would provide the same type of fit in the inch system as was established in the metric system throughout the whole of the Size range. It was also recommended that a unilateral hole basis be adopted in which the hole is the standard member and the tolerance specified as a value from nominal to plus an amount determined.by the number signifying the magnitude of the tolerance. Different types of fit are obtained by selecting from the standard shafts available the one whose fundamental deviation from basic size is considered to be the most suitable and :allocating to it a suitable standard tolerance When ISA bulletin 25 was issued great care was taken in selecting the disposition of the sizes allocated to standard shafts so that when one standard shaft was used with one standard hole it would provide a fit which -mould be functionally similar throughout the complete range of sizes. The decision of I.S.O. and B.S.I. to extend the size range from 20 inches to 200 inches caused reasonable doubts to exist about the reliability of this simple rule that one fit combination would be functionally similar throughout the whole of the extended size range. As this problem was examined in more detail cases were found where the above rule was not satisfactory over the extended or the smaller size range covered by the original standard (0.040” to 20”). In considering the possibility of applying theoretical analysis to this problem it was clear that the most difficult section was that concerned with the selection of clearance fits for hydrodynamically lubricated plain 'beatings. The present paper is a preliminary survey into this problem and the detailed analysis is restricted to the application of lubrication theory to the selection of what appear to be optimum clearance fits for hydrodynamically lubricated bearings and the means that may be used for comparing these results with the recommendations of I.S.A. bulletin 25 and BS1916. Figure 1 is a simplified representation of a plain bearing operating under conditions of hydrodynamic lubrication.Item Open Access Studies of two aspects of business in Europe(College of Aeronautics, 1965-12) Cranfield Management Development Programme no. 3.The Cranfield Management Development Programme is an intensive ten week course for middle management aged 28 - 38. The courses which are held twice yearly started in 1964; the third of these MDP III was held from October - December, 1965. The members of the course are drawn from a variety of businesses and have previous experience in one or more of the main fields of business activity, e.g. general management, marketing, production. As part of the course two weeks are devoted to studying business conditions in Europe. For this tour the members are formed into small groups who study particular projects. MDP III were in Europe from 14th - 27th November, 1965 during which period the following cities were visited; Lyon, Zurich, Hanover, Rotterdam and Brussels. In each city discussions were arranged with a representative cross-section of the business community. These included British Embassy Staff, British Chambers of Commerce, local bankers, industrial companies, advertising agents, Trade Union officials, management consultants and British subsidiaries. On their return from Europe a meeting was held at the Royal Overseas League in London where the members of the course presented their findings to a group of businessmen, and representatives of the Export Council for Europe and the Confederation of British Industries. This report is split into two parts representing the work of the two project groups.Item Open Access An evaluation of the British standard proposals for symbols on machine tool indicator plates(College of Aeronautics, 1965-03) Easterby, R. S.The work detailed in this report has been undertaken as part of a research project supported by the Machine Tool Industry Research Association on Ergonomics and Machine Tool Design. In an early research project report, some comments were offered on the Draft British Standard for Symbols for Machine Tool Indicator Plates, and the Director of M.T.I.R.A, invited the author to elaborate on these preliminary criticisms. Although finalisation of the British Standard was imminent, it was realised that it would be remiss if a research project specifically devoted to ergonomics and machine tool design did not make a detailed and constructive assessment of the proposed standard symbols.Item Open Access Electro-chemical machining(College of Aeronautics, 1965-02) Glew, D. A.This report introduces the reader to the process and to the requirements which must be considered for its installation on the shop floor. Although only electro-chemical shaping is dealt with, many of the parameters investigated are fundamental to other configurations. The machining characteristics of several high strength alloys and die steels have been investigated; also of aluminium and mild steel. Electrolyte heating effects and the physical attributes of the machined surface have been considered. Electrode and workpiece shapes have been simulated for static field examinations and these followed by investigations under dynamic machining conditions.Item Open Access Human factors specification for a machine tool scale reader(College of Aeronautics, 1964-05) Easterby, R. S.The length measuring devices on many machine tools must usually cover a large range while maintaining high accuracy for small incremental movements. Many machines use the operator as part of the measuring system, where he must assign numerals and carry out visual interpolation. This report attempts to define the preferrred characteristics of such indication systems in so far as they are influenced by the capabilities and limitations of the human operator. While no radical innovations are proposed, the principles underlying the design of scale readers have been examined as objectively as possible and recommendations substantiated by reference to relevant experiments.Item Open Access Calculating the shear angle in orthogonal metal cutting from fundamental stress-strain-strain rate properties of the work material(College of Aeronautics, 1964-03) Oxley, P. L. B.; Welsh, M. J. M.An analysis of the orthogonal metal cutting process is made which enables the shear angle to be calculated from certain fundamental properties of the work material and the specified cutting conditions. Shear angles are calculated for a range of cutting conditions and good agreement is shown between theory and experiment. In particular, such trends as the decrease in shear angle with decrease in cutting speed and the tendency for the chip to become discontinuous at slow cutting speeds which are found experimentally and cannot be explained in terms of previous shear angle analyses, are shown to be consistent with the present analysis.Item Open Access Diffraction gratings - their principles and applications to machine tools(College of Aeronautics, 1963-12) Healey, M.The use of diffraction gratings as measuring elements on machine tools is nowadays an accepted procedure. Part I of this paper therefore sets out to give a brief understanding of the principles of diffraction gratings, and the ways in which they have been utilised commercially. In addition, comparisons are made with other reference elements and some consideration is given to manufacturing techniques. Part II of the paper deals in more detail with the pure theory of crossed diffraction gratings.Item Open Access Fluid logic devices: a review(College of Aeronautics, 1963-09) Charnley, C. J.Background study of work connected with this report entailed the collection of a large number of specialised and general technical publications concerning the techniques and applications of fluid computing. General conclusions from these investigations are that, in Russia and America, this science is very advanced and considered to be of great significance, especially where pure fluid logic devices are concerned. The purpose of this survey is to enable the reader to assess the quality and magnitude of work done by other academic institutions, and also to show with what importance this science is viewed elsewhere. It must be realized, however, that general description and discussion of available bibliography is the only assessment possible, as work of a military nature has not been released.