Diagnosis of low-speed bearing degradation using acoustic emission techniques

Abstract

It is widely acknowledged that bearing failures are the primary reason for breakdowns in rotating machinery. These failures are extremely costly, particularly in terms of lost production. Roller bearings are widely used in industrial machinery and need to be maintained in good condition to ensure the continuing efficiency, effectiveness, and profitability of the production process. The research presented here is an investigation of the use of acoustic emission (AE) to monitor bearing conditions at low speeds. Many machines, particularly large, expensive machines operate at speeds below 100 rpm, and such machines are important to the industry. However, the overwhelming proportion of studies have investigated the use of AE techniques for condition monitoring of higher-speed machines (typically several hundred rpm, or even higher). Few researchers have investigated the application of these techniques to low-speed machines (<100 rpm), This PhD addressed this omission and has established which, of the available, AE techniques are suitable for the detection of incipient faults and measurement of fault growth in low-speed bearings. The first objective of this research program was to assess the applicability of AE techniques to monitor low-speed bearings. It was found that the measured statistical parameters successfully monitored bearing conditions at low speeds (10-100 rpm). The second objective was to identify which commonly used statistical parameters derived from the AE signal (RMS, kurtosis, amplitude and counts) could identify the onset of a fault in either race. It was found that the change in AE amplitude and AE RMS could identify the presence of a small fault seeded into either the inner or the outer races. However, the severe attenuation of the signal from the inner race meant that, while AE amplitude and RMS could readily identify the incipient fault, kurtosis and the AE counts could not. Thus, more attention needs to be given to analysing the signal from the inner race. The third objective was to identify a measure that would assess the degree of severity of the fault. However, once the defect was established, it was found that of the parameters used only AE RMS was sensitive to defect size. The fourth objective was to assess whether the AE signal is able to detect defects located at either the centre or edge of the outer race of a bearing rotating at low speeds. It is found that all the measured AE parameters had higher values when the defect was seeded in the middle of the outer race, possibly due to the shorter path traversed by the signal between source and sensor which gave a lower attenuation than when the defect was on the edge of the outer race. Moreover, AE can detect the defect at both locations, which confirmed the applicability of the AE to monitor the defects at any location on the outer race.