Abstract:
The depletion of the reserves of fossil fuel promotes the search for sustainable
renewable sources of energy. Due to their similarities with the petroleum
products, the biofuels represent a better alternative than other clean energies.
The conversion process greatly depends on the biomass composition, which is
a topic of debate, especially when it increases the price of the food. Therefore,
third generation biofuels, derived from algae, are better accepted by society
than using other raw materials. Due to the way of cultivating and the high
moisture content of microalgae, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is the
transformation technology most suitable for this type of feedstock.
Even when the application of HTL to microalgae is quite recent, a lot of
research is being done because of the good expectations for biofuel production.
In this way, the best operating conditions have already been determined, they
are the critical point of water (374 ˚C and 221 bar), and the research is
focussing now in the improvement of the quality of the products and the
upscaling to a continuous process. The most important product is the biocrude,
which has a high content of oxygen and nitrogen. The use of hydrogen for the
removal of these heteroatoms is one of the most investigated techniques.
Especially important is the presence of nitrogen, as the large production of NOx
upon combustion is banned.
The use of ultrasound as a pretreatment technology before the HTL of the
microalgae slurry is intended to increase the yield of the biocrude while
reducing the severity of the operating conditions. Also, milder conditions result
in lower nitrogen content of the biocrude.
This thesis shows the results of the use of a sonication bath to disrupt the
microalgae cells before being liquefied. Three different microalgae species were
considered: Nannochloropsis gaditana (N. gad.), Scenedesmus almeriensis (S.
alm.), and Tetraselmis suecica (T. suec.). The experiments were carried out in a
tubular batch reactor without stirrer and with an electric heater. It was found that the ultrasonic pretreatment does not affect the performance of
the HTL of microalgae. The lack of influence of the pretreatment on the quantity
and quality of the liquefaction products could be related to the fact that the
microalgae samples were already disrupted during the drying process to
prepare the powder biomass. Moreover, the poor performance of the sonication
bath, in terms of achieving the microalgae cell breakage, is also considered as
explanation. Therefore, the analysis of the ultrasonic equipment was done to
understand the reason for its poor operation. The characteristics of the
sonication equipment (configuration, ultrasonic power output, and energy
frequency) were defined for future experiments.