11th International Conference on Through-life Engineering Services 2022

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https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/18654

The Through-life Engineering Services (TES) Centre at Cranfield University is delighted to announce the 11th International Conference on Through-life Engineering Services (TESConf2022), to be held during 8-9 November 2022 at Cranfield University, UK.

Dr Gustavo Castelluccio, Programme Chair for the Conference

Liz Wade and Claire Steed, Conference Administrators

Conference Proceedings DOI 10.57996/cran.ceres-4z19

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TESConf2022 brings together academia and industry to engineering solutions supporting the lifecycle of complex and long-life assets. This CIRP-sponsored conference blends research and industrial solutions related for approaches that enable and optimise the value and the cost in-use. The topics explore design, functionality, performance, reliability and prognosis of life of engineering assets. The research streams cuts across the lifecycle with an emphasis on understanding the design and management to extend life. This year, the conference focuses on the following areas and topics:

Digitalisation in TES

Digital transformation
Digital twins
AR/VR

Industrial product service systems (IPSS)

Business models
Design for service
Design for prognosis

Lifecycle

Maintenance and optimisation
Repair technologies
Health monitoring

TES for sustainability

Life-extension approaches
Advanced manufacturing
Application-tuned materials

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Now showing 1 - 15 of 15

Open Access
A modification of P-diagram for the robust design of product service system
(Cranfield University, 2022-11-08) Wang, Hanfei; Mitake, Yuya; Alfarisi, Salman; Shimomura, Yoshiki
For product-service system (PSS), it is critically important whether PSS could fulfil the requirement of customers. However, in the real business environment, multiple perturbations or noises might happen to weaken the experience of customer. The robustness has become a serious issue for the success of PSS. More seriously, to date, there is no existing robust design method for researchers to prevent the above conditions. Therefore, it is essential to provide a conceptual diagram model to enable researchers and designers to identify key factors for robust PSS design. This paper demonstrates a modification of the Pdiagram, which is the most famous diagram of robust design. The modification is aimed at supporting the robust design of PSS in a conceptual level based on the fulfilment of customers’ requirements during perturbations. To verify the effectiveness, a case study is used to show the feasibility of this diagram.
Open Access
Towards digitalization of Malaysian medical facilities waste management
(Cranfield University, 2022-11-08) Mohamed, Nurul Hamizah; Khan, Samir; Jagtap, Sandeep
Medical waste is produced in huge quantities daily, and the increasing amount of it is a worldwide issue that makes managing medical waste more and more crucial. Leakage or improper use of medical waste can be harmful, risking the environment and human lives. The pandemic COVID-19 has challenged current practices with the increasing number of waste and the possibility of transferring the virus from one person to another. In Malaysia, waste management predominantly remains a manual endeavor. where data is usually keyed in either by waste generators, transport contractors, or process occupiers. Digitalization of this setup can be a way to manage waste management effectively as it could be tracked and monitored in real-time. This paper discusses the applicability of exponential technologies, such as Internet of Things and Blockchain, to communicate real-time data to all stakeholders. It presents a framework that can be used to improve the overall waste management process by improving tracking and tractability of waste. Such technology is expected to have an impact across the whole waste management cycle including segregation, storage, transport, and disposal process, and at the same time, help with documentation and administration arrangement.
Open Access
On the undulatory behaviour of metallic glass foils: a novel spring-type behaviour
(Cranfield University, 2022-11-08) Shahin Elzoubi, O.; Panagiotopoulos, Nikolaos T.; Stiehler, Martin E.; Salonitis, Konstantinos; Georgarakis, Konstantinos
The undulatory behaviour is a unique type of mechanical response that was recently observed for metallic glass foils in geometric confinement. It is manifested when normal load is applied on the top of an arc-shaped thin foil of metallic glass; the foil then deforms elastically and its shape changes by progressively increasing the number of formed sinusoidal arcs. This behaviour results from a combination of successive elastic bending and buckling events and can be utilized for developing novel types of non-linear springs. In this work, the undulatory behaviour of a Ni-Fe-Si-B-Mo metallic glass foil has been systematically studied and compared with that of the previously reported Fe-Cr-Si-B foil. The results indicate that the alloy composition and the foil thickness can significantly affect the load required for the formation of the harmonic undulations. The initial geometry of the formed sinusoidal arc including its amplitude and boundary length, can also be used to tune the load and displacement response of the foils. Upon unloading, the foil returns to its initial shape, as long as the loading remains in the elastic deformation range of the metallic glass. The findings suggest that the undulatory behaviour of thin metallic glass foils can be potentially exploited for a wide range of engineering applications including micro-springs, sensors, actuators, and shock absorbers.
Open Access
Surface analysis of conversion coating of ASTM A 516
(Cranfield University, 2022-11-08) Khan, Muhammed Ali; Sha, Aqueel; Yusuf, Adeel; Nisar, Salman
Surface engineering is a vital aspect of manufacturing industries owing to its benefits both in surface protection and aesthetics. It has been extensively used in various industries to guard against corrosion which is a naturally occurring and highly undesirable phenomenon. Present research has endeavored to analyze protection of ASTM A516 (Grade 70) from corrosion through surface engineering. Different methods of surface treatment and conversion coating were carried out to efficiently enhance corrosive protection. Comparative analysis of various samples was conducted to analyze their ability to resist corrosion. Samples with surface treatment followed by conversion coating were found to be effective even against 0.7% aqueous sulfuric acid with no significant cracks in the coating layer. On the other hand, conversion coated only samples showed protection against 0.35% acid. The coating of conversion coated only samples was found to have gaps/ cracks as indicated by 3% Cupric Sulfate whereas no such gaps were found in surface treated samples. Optical microscopy identified a more uniform coating thickness for surface treated samples in comparison with conversion coated only samples. In depth morphology analysis using SEM highlighted that surface treated samples had low porosity preventing the corrosion elements to reach the substrate thereby implementing higher corrosion potential.
Open Access
Metrological characteristics of an on-machine tool optical measuring system
(Cranfield University, 2022-11-08) Bissacco, Guiliano; Liltorp, Klaus; Nedrehagen, Ivan; Svinning, Øystein; Nielsen, Nicolaj Elias; Kruse, Christian Wissing; Shaheen, Amrozia
Metrological characterisation is a fundamental step towards assuring the traceability of a measuring instrument; particularly challenging for non-contact optical imaging systems due to the inadequacy of a specific reference standard for establishing the accuracy and traceability of the optical systems. In this paper, we have determined the metrological characteristics of an optical system for on-machine milling tool measurement. The evaluation procedure is in reliance with ISO 15530 part 3. An artefact was manufactured by wire electrical discharge machining method from a traceable cylindrical gauge pin into a square end. The artefact was measured using a coordinate measuring machine, and the task-specific measurement uncertainty is determined. The artefact was then utilised to characterise the optical measuring system in actual operating conditions, on-machine in a production workshop environment. Experiments have shown the applicability of the procedure and the suitability of the proposed calibration artefact for characterisation of tool diameter and run out.
Open Access
Through transmission thermography- A review of the state-of-the-art
(Cranfield University, 08/11/2022) Ali, Zain; Addepalli, Yifan; Zhao, Yifan
Nondestructive Testing (NDT) covers a wide range of testing methods in which a component can be inspected without affecting its functionality. Infrared thermography is an NDT technique that has gained rapid popularity in recent years for structural integrity assessment, especially in the aerospace and oil & gas industries. Pulsed thermography, a subset of IR thermography is one of the active thermography techniques that uses flash lamps to thermally excite the specimen under observation. Thermal measurements can be taken in the reflection, or the transmission mode based on the positioning of the IR Camera and the flash lamps with respect to the specimen. Currently, estimating the defect depth using IR thermography remains a challenge as the reflection mode cannot accurately characterise defects that are deeper than 3mm. A major advantage of the throughtransmission technique lies in its ability to detect defects that are deeper than the 3mm depth with higher levels of precision and accuracy. This makes through-transmission a suitable candidate for measuring defect depths using IR thermography. However, unlike the reflection mode, through-transmission has a limited number of image post-processing algorithms for defect detection and characterisation. This paper presents the state-of-the-art in the development of through-transmission thermography together with the technique’s know-how and limitations currently available in the scientific committee.
Open Access
Computational ethology-based human behaviour modelling: first investigation for Human-Robot Collaboration
(Cranfield University, 08/11/2022) Guoyi, Xia; Heuermann, Aaron; Thoben, Klaus-Dieter; Ghrairi, Zied
Human-Robot Collaboration (HRC) has been proposed to add flexibility to traditional production systems. Digital Twin (DT) has been integrated with HRC for safety collaboration. The human behaviour model is an essential part of the DT. This paper aims to identify a research gap and possible solutions for human behaviour modelling in HRC. Therefore, this paper reviews human behaviour studies in HRC and ethology. The results show that the current HRC focuses on recognizing and monitoring human behaviour, but a deep analysis of human behaviour is still lacking. Computational Ethology (CE) has the potential to be applied to HRC to model human behaviour in a structured manner. Future work could focus on transferring knowledge from CE and designing robot control strategies for HRC safety.
Open Access
A practical demonstration of autonomous ultrasonic testing for rail flaws inspection
(Cranfield University, 08/11/2022) He, Feiyang; Durazo-Cardenas, Isidro; Liu, Haochen; Rahman, Miftahur; Rahimi, Masoumeh; Starr, Andrew; Poulter, Michael
This study established the viability of autonomous ultrasonic inspections at the technology readiness level 5 (TRL 5). An autonomous ultrasonic rail inspection prototype was developed using commercially available ultrasonic instruments and an unmanned on-track vehicle platform consisting of a Clearpath's Warthog and a road-rail vehicle (RRV) trolley. The prototype was designed to travel back and forth on a segment of the test track during the test programme. Repeated fault checks were able to discover seeded artificial flaws at depths of 23 and 27 mm. The detection was indicated by an audio alarm triggered when the ultrasonic emissions exceeded the threshold of the detector gate. A plain text message sent over local area network (LAN) WIFI to a virtual server was also used to demonstrate the transmission of detection messages. The repeatability of the inspection prototype's positioning relative to the problem was confirmed using odometry, global navigation satellite system (GNSS), and positional measurements. The results of the three measurement methods were in good agreement, and the positioning inaccuracy varied between 3 and 7 cm. This study demonstrated the potential of autonomous ultrasonic checks and gave recommendations for further work and limitations.
Open Access
ICT infrastructure supporting seamless integration of certification procedures in microfactories
(Cranfield University, 2022-11-08) Perlo, Pietro; Rocha, Andre; Alemao, Duarte; Freitas, Nelson; Oliveira, Fabio; Barata, Jose; Stavropoulos, Panos; Papacharalampopoulos, Alexios; Tsoniotis, Nikolaos; Argyriou, Charalampos; Toshev, Rayko; Tharanath, Tharanath; Sodergard, Jani; Alexandra, Saraev; Nunes, Rafael
Digitalization can be considered as the main driving force towards achieving many different strategies, such as quality control and zero-defect manufacturing, green manufacturing and certified production. To this end, digital infrastructure in terms of Cyber-Physical Systems must be able to support various functionalities. The current work aims at supporting digitally potential micro-factories, in the sense that the minimum upfront investment is promoted. Also, herein, as a result of the EU H2020 project AVANGARD, where Cloud Manufacturing is tightly aligned with the concept of micro-factories and full production decentralization, the Blockchain architecture provides a secure interconnection layer, between all involved technology stacks, supporting in a modular fashion trust among disparate parties, traceability across organizational boundaries and a blueprint for seamless logging and auditing of activities by actors, software tools, IoT devices, and shopfloors, across supply chains. In addition, the concepts of end-to-end integration, MES & ERP involvement, link to the use phase (i.e. maintenance) towards through-life engineering services and finally procedures towards dynamic lifecycle assessment as well as a link to digital twins, are all discussed. The link to potential clients is also guaranteed. The case study of integrating Additive Manufacturing in such a production is used, indicating the added value of having interoperability as a criterion, even in the case where human-in-the-loop optimization of a factory is involved.
Open Access
Developing an ontological framework for effective data quality assessment and knowledge modelling
(Cranfield University, 08/11/2022) Latsou, Christina; Garcia I Minguell, Marta; Sonmez, Ayse Nur; Orteu I Irurre, Roger; Palmisano, Martin Mark; Landon-Valdez, Suresh; Erkoyuncu, John Ahmet; Addepalli, Pavan; Sibson, Jim; Silvey, Olly
Big data has become a major challenge in the 21st century, with research being carried out to classify, mine and extract knowledge from data obtained from disparate sources. Abundant data sources with non-standard structures complicate even more the arduous process of data integration. Currently, the major requirement is to understand the data available and detect data quality issues, with research being conducted to establish data quality assessment methods. Further, the focus is to improve data quality and maturity so that early onset of problems can be predicted and handled effectively. However, the literature highlights that comprehensive analysis, and research of data quality standards and assessment methods are still lacking. To handle these challenges, this paper presents a structured framework to standardise the process of assessing the quality of data and modelling the knowledge obtained from such an assessment by implementing an ontology. The main steps of the framework are: (i) identify user’s requirements; (ii) measure the quality of data considering data quality issues, dimensions and their metrics, and visualise this information into a data quality assessment (DQA) report; and (iii) capture the knowledge from the DQA report using an ontology that models the DQA insights in a standard reusable way. Following the proposed framework, an Excel-based tool to measure the quality of data and identify emerging issues is developed. An ontology, created in Protégé, provides a standard structure to model the data quality insights obtained from the assessment, while it is frequently updated to enrich captured knowledge, reducing time and costs for future projects. An industrial case study in the context of Through life Engineering Services, using operational data of high value engineering assets, is employed to validate the proposed ontological framework and tool; the results show a well-structured guide that can effectively assess data quality and model knowledge.
Open Access
Track geometry deterioration modelling for asset management: a visual analytics approach
(Cranfield University, 08/11/2022) Alotaibi, Abdulaziz; Durazo-Cardenas, Isidro; Namoano, Bernadin; Starr, Andrew
To maintain safe operations and cost-effective maintenance, British railway tracks must be monitored. Track recording assets which include trains and cars, regularly monitor key components of the track in order to detect and diagnose early incipient faults. The measurements accumulate over time, providing time series data that can be used to model track geometry deterioration process. However, the modelling results are often too sophisticated to be used to their full potential in track asset management. As a result, the goal of this research is to use visualisation approaches to display the results of track geometry deterioration, which would simplify and enhance track asset management. Two visual techniques have been used. The first visual includes two dimensional plots enabling visual fault detection and localisation and the second is a 3D plot which gives a better sight for the decision makers to act. These visual analytics allowed a better understanding of fault occurrence, enable a vast amount of data integration, flexible and simple for stakeholders to use. The limitations of such approaches include the inability to visualise more than 5 dimensions and human interpretation.
Open Access
Experimental spaces for the introduction of disruptive technologies in production
(Cranfield University, 2022-11-08) Papenberga, Björn; Hogrevea, Sebastian; Trachta, Kirsten
The introduction of disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) in the manufacturing industry poses challenges in terms of the subsequent use by employees. When introducing such technologies in the production environment, the introduction strategy must be considered from the outset as part of the product development and the product life cycle. Therefore, the need for a methodical procedure for the transparent and effective introduction of such technologies in the manufacturing industry arises in the context for through-life engineering services . The KI_Café method proposes a way to educate employees through a transparent introduction. A key component of the KI_Café method is a recurring company-public experimental space on the shop floor. In a use case an AI -based assistance system for assessing the cutting-edge quality of milling tools is being developed and then tested in cooperation with two companies . For this purpose, the development of the AI-system is conducted in an interdisciplinary team with employees of the companies . The development process is complemented by conducting workshops with the employees , where they provide feedback to the developers. At defined times during the development phase, the current development status of the AI system is presented at the recurring experimental spaces on the shop floor. This offers the opportunity for all employees to give their feedback on the development process and contribute their own ideas. In addition, various exhibits related to the topic of AI are on display in order to reduce fears in dealing with this technology and to arouse enthusiasm. The findings of the first run of the experimental spaces are that the KI_Café method is a suitable approach for providing employees with competencies regarding AI by focusing on the introduction of an AI -based assistance system.
Open Access
Moment-based image enhancement for brain tumor health monitoring
(Cranfield University, 2022-11-08) Barmak, Honarvar; Asli, Shakibaei; Wang, Yuhan
Since the stable increasing incidence of brain tumors in recent years, brain tumor detection and monitoring are being attached with more impor tance. To implement the image feature extraction approach for the current imaging system, the image mo- ments' concepts are introduced. The theory of image moments is applied for brain image analysis, which is a weighted average of the image pixels' intensities representing the characteristics of the mentioned brain images with potential tumor diseases. This paper describes several continuous and discrete moments in terms of the polynomial kernels used and distinguishes their differences regarding image recon struction and enhancement. The experimental results confirm that the proposed discrete Tchebichef and Krawtchouk moments are more robust in terms of noise and blur reduction than the existing methods, such as the Wiener filter. This process explains how th e proposed image moments technique can be applied in the health monitoring of brain tumors via image analysis procedures.
Open Access
Specific cutting energy analysis of turning Ti -6Al-4V under dry, wet and cryogenic conditions
(Cranfield University, 2022-11-08) Khan, Muhammad Al; Jaffrey, Syed Husain Imran; Baqai, Aamer Ahmed; Khan, Mushtaq
Energy consumption of a manufacturing system represents its sustainability and efficiency. Sustainable manufacturing processes increase the productivity by improving the input to output ratio. Machining of hard to cut alloys demands higher energy input to overcome their high strength. The energy requirement also elevates with increasing speed which becomes the limiting factor. In the present study the specific cutting energy analysis of aerospace alloy Ti -6Al-4V was carried out at different cutting speeds. Different machining environment s including wet and cryogenic media were employed in addition to dry cutting for comprehensive analysis. It was found that cryogenic conditions reduced 8% and 11 % SCE in comparison with dry and wet conditions respectively. Analysis of variance highlighted contribution ratio of cutting speed and cutting condition as 51.87% and 46.98 %, respectively.
Open Access
Design guidelines towards absolute sustainability for technical product-service systems
(Cranfield University, 2022-11-08) Aurich, Jan C; Werrel, Max; Glatt, Moritz
The concept of product -service systems (PSS), established around the turn of the millennium, was coined by the realization of increased sustainability potential s compared to offering products alone . As the concept of PSS was further developed, technical PSS became a successful variation, exploiting economical and technical potentials in industrial settings . The recent shift towards an absolute perspective of sustainability changes the understanding of sustainable life cycle engineering and design. This new understanding challenge s designers to create PSS that not only offer incremental environmental advantages but actively contribute to a sustainable development. In PSS design, which comprises PSS planning and development, around 80% of the environmental performance throughout the life cycle are defined. Therefore, the design phase off ers strong potentials to achieve significant improvements of the environmental performance of a PSS . In this article, guidelines to design technical PSS in the context of absolute sustainability are presented. The guidelines include measures to achieve a h igh level of customer satisfaction, while simultaneously aiming to achieve environmental impact targets along the entire life cycle. The application of the guidelines enables the development of economically successful and sustainable technical PSS.

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