Al Qaraghuli, Mohammed M.; Palliyil, Soumya; Broadbent, Gillian; Cullen, David C.; Charlton, Keith A.; Porter, Andrew J.
(BMC (part of Springer Nature), 2015-10-24)
Background: Low molecular weight haptens (<1000 Da) cannot be recognized by the immune system unless conjugated to larger carrier molecules. Antibodies to these exceptionally small antigens can still be generated with ...