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Item Open Access AD tools and prospects for optimal AD in CFD flux Jacobian calculations(2002-01-01T00:00:00Z) Tadjouddine, M.; Forth, Shaun A.; Pryce, J.We consider the problem of linearising the short (approximately 100 lines of) code that defines the numerical fluxes of mass, energy and momentum across a-cell face in a finite volume compressible flow calculation. Typical of such formulations is the numerical flux due to Roe, widely used in the numerical approximation of flow fields containing moderate to strong shocks. Roe's flux takes as input 10 variables describing the flow either side of a cell face and returns as output the 5 variables for the numerical flux. We present results concerning the efficiency of derivative calculations for Roe's flux using several currently available AD tools. We also present preliminary work on deriving near optimal differentiated code using the node elimination approach. We show that such techniques, within a source transformation approach, will yield substantial gains for application code such as the Roe flux.Item Open Access An AD-enabled optimization toolbox in LabVIEW(TM)(2012-07-30T00:00:00Z) Gupta, Abhishek Kr.; Forth, Shaun A.LabVIEW(TM) is a visual programming environment for data acquisition, instrument control and industrial automation. This article presents LVAD, a graphically programmed implementation of forward mode Automatic Differentiation for LabVIEW. Our results show that the overhead of using overloaded AD in LabVIEW is sufficiently low as to warrant further investigation and that, within the graphical programming environment, AD may be made reasonably user friendly. We further introduce a prototype LabVIEW Optimization Toolbox which utilizes LVAD's derivative information. Our toolbox presently contains two main LabVIEW procedures fzero and fmin for calculating roots and minima respectively of an objective function in a single variable. Two algorithms, Newton and Secant, have been implemented in each case. Our optimization package may be applied to graphically coded objective functions, not the simple string definition of functions used by many of the optimizers of LabVIEW's own optimization package.Item Open Access Aero-whisker for the measurement of aircraft flight speed and angle of attack in compressible flow conditions(AIAA, 2023-06-08) Debiasi, Marco; Atkinson, Kevin; Saddington, Alistair J.; Finnis, MarkA whisker-like device has been designed and tested that simultaneously measures the speed and the direction of a flow in which it protrudes. The device consists of a thin cylindrical probe longer than the thickness of the local boundary layer whose aerodynamic drag produces a moment at its base which is measured by a solid-state torque transducer. With proper calibration, the orthogonal components of the moment can be used to measure the speed and the direction of the flow. Measurements have been performed in a wind tunnel to validate the design at flow velocities ranging from Mach 0.15 to Mach 0.87 and for flow angles relative to the probe ranging from -88° to +88°. The results obtained indicate that the aero-whisker is capable to accurately measure the Mach number and direction of the flow with potential for further optimization for aircraft applications.Item Open Access Atomistic Models and Molecular Dynamics(2007-04-01T00:00:00Z) Sayle, D.C.; Sayle, T.X.T.; José, A. Rodriguez; Marcos, Fernández-GarcíaHere we show how atomistic computer simulation can help experiment unravel the rich structuralcomplexity of oxide nanomaterials and, ultimately, aid the fabrication of nanomaterials withimproved, tuneable or indeed new properties. We first explore the simulation methodologies:energy minimisation, monte-carlo, genetic algorithms and molecular dynamics together with thepotential models used to describe the interactions between metal and oxide ions. These tools can beused to generate realistic structures that include all the essential microstructural features observedexperimentally, such as surface structure (morphology, surface energy, faceting, surface steps,corners and edges), grain-boundaries and dislocations, intrinsic and extrinsic point defects andepitaxy. We show how the theoretician is able to capture all these (experimentally observed)structural details by attempting to simulate crystallisation. Equipped with realistic models,important properties can be calculated, including: electronic, chemical (catalytic activity, ionicdiffusion and conductivity) and mechanical (hardness, elastic constants). This is illustrated bycalculating the ease of oxygen extraction from the surface of a CeO2 nanocrystal compared with thebulk parent material with implications for oxidative catalysis. Throughout this chapter weemphasise the importance of molecular graphics - a much maligned and underrated tool - butwithout which, the generation of much of the simulation and experimental data would not havebeen possible.Item Open Access Chapter 10: cyber security and knowledge management(Routledge, 2021-11-29) Darby, Roger; Dodd, Lorraine; Hilton, JeremyThis chapter discusses fundamental assumptions relating to concepts that are central to Cyber Defence as they need to be understood by organisations for purposes of cyber resilience and security. The ability to understand and anticipate your organisation’s part in an increasingly complex operating environment plays a key role in its continued survival. The chapter argues that the utility of the key asset of knowledge, and the management of this vital resource, plays a major role in the success or failure of this necessary objective. It is axiomatic that knowledge sharing has many comparable benefits for organisations and individuals. The chapter further argues that systemic risk and cyber threats challenge existing paradigms for managing data, information and knowledge and suggests that a more radical approach to gaining and sharing knowledge is a requirement to remaining organisationally agile in the fast-moving, technologically advanced wider defence and security sector. The defence sector now acknowledges data, information and knowledge as strategic assets, therefore it needs to be more organisationally aware and place Knowledge Management at the centre of its strategic management approach to cyber resilience, to be enhanced rather than compromised by powerful IT systems.Item Open Access Chapter 10: Octopodology and Dark Amphorae: alien archaeologies, reflexivity, and the non-human afterlives of objects in the sea(Sidestone Press Academics, 2023-03-14) Campbell, Peter B.When Christopher Columbus presented his argument for the existence of lands across the Atlantic Ocean, the “eminent men of Genoa” apocryphally replied that to the west were only “the mist of darkness” (Abulafia, 2019, p. 610). This self-limiting conception of the world resulted in Genoa missing the European “discovery” of the western continents to the benefit of Spain. Anthropology and archaeology have their own ‘mists of darkness’, self-imposed limits or blindness due to culture, gender, or social status. There are aspects that observers cannot perceived due to their proximity to the subject. Anthropology sought to address this through the “reflexive turn”, where researchers seek to identify and understand their own inherent biases (Hymes, 1999).Item Open Access Chapter 14: Ceramics(Cambridge University Press, 2019-12-31) Shortland, Andrew J.; Degryse, PatrickCeramics are the most abundant surviving material on almost all Neolithic and later archaeological sites. Their abundance and ubiquity is the result of several factors. Firstly, the raw materials that are used to create most ceramics are commonly available in a wide variety of areas. Most require very little in the way of specialised processing. This means that it is generally relatively inexpensive in terms of the time and energy required to gather and process the raw materials to create ceramics. Secondly, they tend to be fragile – if dropped they are easily broken. Thirdly, the broken ceramic sherds cannot easily be reused. Unlike metals, which can be sharpened or remelted, the fate of most broken ceramics is to be discarded. In contrast to the relative fragility of the complete vessel, sherds are remarkably resistant to further degradation in burial and diagenesis. This means that sherds tend to pass relatively unchanged into the hands of the archaeologist, where the reconstruction of the shape and material of the original vessel is possible. Ceramics, therefore, despite their fragility, can be extremely useful, both to the societies who have employed them, usually in great abundance, and to the scientists who study them.Item Open Access Chapter 14: The challenge of performing research which will contribute helpful engineering knowledge concerning emergence(CRC Press, 2018-09-05) Ferris, Timothy L. J.This chapter discusses the nature of research which is required to provide knowledge of emergence that is useful to engineers in the conduct of engineering work. The discussion begins with three elements which form the foundation of the argument: the contrast of the purposes of engineering and science and the different perspectives of knowledge associated with those purposes; the diversity of views on “emergence” and an argument for working with one definition; and an outline of a framework for classifying the objectives of research activities associated with the kind of knowledge that is needed. These foundations are used to evaluate a number of approaches to research in engineering to assess the contribution that the research approaches make to discovery of matters associated with emergence. The research approaches considered are case studies, forensic investigations, post hoc and experimental studies, fundamental theoretical studies and contributions to the engineering task. These approaches instantiate different research purposes and therefore, naturally will be associated with different methods. The previous analysis is discussed in the context of the nature of research published in response to the imperatives presented to faculty by the career measures of success to explain the current emphasis on what is investigated and the limitations for engineering in that focus. In the final section an approach for addressing the issue of emergence in engineering is presented which leads to a brief statement of a desirable outcome of research into emergence conducted with a view to assisting the practice of engineering.Item Open Access Chapter 17: Sexual politics and law in Iran: the narrative surrounding the 2013 bills(Brill, 2019-07-22) Van Engeland, AnicéeThe struggle to control women’s destinies and bodies through law is a well-known issue. The Islamic republic of Iran is no stranger to such an attempt, and in 2013 the conservative Majles introduced two bills: the Bill to increase Fertility Rates and Prevent Population Decline (Bill 446) and the Comprehensive Population and Exaltation of Family Bill (Bill 315). These bills were the outcome of the Guide Ayatollah Khameini’s decision that family planning should be reformed and that policies on population control should be lifted. Altogether, these laws challenge sexual and reproductive rights as guaranteed under several international law documents ratified by Iran. The purpose of this article is to look into the two Bills to extract the conservative Shia thought lingering behind them, and to critically examine it before moving to study the strategy to promote such views inside the republic. The overall focus will be that of the protection and implementation of women’s rights from an Islamic and a universalist perspective, looking at traditional women’s rights paradigms.Item Open Access Chapter 1: Collapse, cataclysm, and eruption: Alien archaeologies for the Anthropocene(Sidestone Press Academics, 2023-03-14) Rich, Sara A.; Campbell, Peter B.Our shared planet is becoming increasingly alien in the Anthropocene, and increasingly inundated. These radical changes to our home call for critical considerations of collapse – when destruction comes from above and rains downward – and cataclysm – as in flood or deluge, when destruction surges up from below – alongside eruption – or hyperbolic destruction spewing forth from a container as small as a split atom. The authors propose that a theoretical framework of object orientation offers a way for archaeologists, especially those whose work brings them into the sea, to contribute more meaningfully to contemporary research about our planet’s pastpresent- future. We have two primary aims: 1) to help usher the alienated subdiscipline of maritime archaeology into the broader discourse of the humanities; and 2) to issue a call to action for fellow maritime archaeologists to respond to ecocide more urgently, more crossdisciplinarily, and more responsibly with new interventions into old research questions. After defending the unique relevance of object orientation to the humanities and social sciences – archaeology specifically and maritime or nautical archaeology most of all – it will pose some relevant questions on how to use our research expertise to move forward, while establishing effective methodologies for thinking and communicating the nonhuman to students and the general public. Ultimately, this paper advocates for mobilizing a radical shift in how humans think and care for all the objects sharing our lives, and our destinies, which are increasingly impacted from above, below, and within.Item Open Access Chapter 1: Deterrence concepts and approaches for current and emerging threats(Springer, 2020-01-17) Filippidou, AnastasiaBy exploring and analysing the complexities associated with the development and application of the concept of deterrence in resolving conflicts, this chapter sets the context of the book. Deterrence has to do with maintaining the status quo by convincing an opponent or ally that the cost of an unwanted action is greater than the rewards. Deterrence, on the one hand can act as a delaying mechanism in dealing effectively with opponents, in which case the aim would be to contain a conflict and the focus is zero-sum and more short term. On the other, deterrence can have the role of a proactive mechanism, where the focus is longer term. To be able however, to make shifts from zero-sum to a positive-sum the deterring party needs to be aware of context specific variables such as the opponent’s values’ system, the mind-set, and decision making processes. Routinely, mirror-imaging influences decision making leading states to develop deterrence policies with limited impact and effectiveness, as deterrence requires an understanding of the other’s as well as one’s own motives, objectives, and decision-making processes. Mirror-imaging leads to questionable assumptions about opponents’ values and how they will behave under pressure.Item Embargo Chapter 1: the archaeology of rivers: processes and patterns(Taylor & Francis, 2023-11-30) Campbell, Peter B.The archaeology of rivers to date could be categorized as archaeology in rivers, rather than an archaeology of rivers. Rivers are dynamic entities which form complex entanglements with cultures. However, rivers follow natural processes, and their geomorphology has an elegant underlying structure. These processes lead to cultural patterns that are entangled with the river’s agency, though humans are likewise agents. This chapter examines these processes (e.g. upland/lowland rivers, thalweg, riffle and pool sequences) and the patterns (e.g. settlements, navigation, bridge design) that relate to them. It advocates for an archaeology of rivers which makes use of both terrestrial and submerged information to understand the broader context of riverine cultures.Item Open Access Chapter 25: Singapore’s defence-industrial ecosystem(Taylor and Francis, 2019-11-20) Matthews, RonItem Open Access Chapter 27: The law of armed conflict (international humanitarian law)(Oxford University Press, 2018-08-21) Turns, DavidThis chapter contains an overview of the modern law of armed conflict (international humanitarian law) in all its main aspects, from the scope of application of the law through methods of warfare, weapons and targeting operations, to protection of victims and issues of enforcement and implementation.Item Embargo Chapter 43: Materials analysis of ceramics(Wiley, 2023-02-10) Erb-Satullo, Nathaniel L.The versatility and geological ubiquity of clay materials have meant that humans have adapted it to a wide range of different purposes, from building materials to tools for storage, transport, cooking, and eating. Archaeological ceramics range from mundane everyday wares to exquisite pieces of craftsmanship available only to the highest elites. Ceramic ethnoarchaeology has documented a wide range of approaches to clay processing, involving the removal and addition of constituents, as well as homogenization and transformation of raw materials through ageing or ‘souring’ of clays to improve their properties. Most laboratory analyses of ceramic materials can be grouped into three broad categories: compositional analyses, microstructural analyses, and macrostructural analyses. The presence of optical activity in the clay groundmass, when viewed in thin section under crosspolars, suggests a firing process that preserved the crystalline structure of clay minerals and did not result in extensive vitrification.Item Open Access Chapter 4: the legal framework for security(Routledge, 2021-11-29) Turns, David; Van Engeland, AnicéeThis chapter explores the regulatory framework for security, highlighting pertinent issues within constitutional, human rights and international humanitarian law. It is argued that the law serves to define security for the individual and state; compliance with the law serves to enhance the legitimacy of government, the quality of governance, and the experience of security. The chapter begins with an examination of constitutional law and the parameters that are set for the establishment and operations of defence and security forces. The chapter then reviews the implications of international human rights and international humanitarian law for the conduct of those forces in peace and war, suggesting that the two legal regimes must be studied together to understand how a government can best engage with the legal framework for security.Item Open Access Chapter 6: Challenges in Fire Investigation(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2021-04-15) Johnson, Stephen; Harrison, Karl; Dean, JasonThis chapter introduces what fire investigation is and why it is necessary. It explores, through a case study and analysis of key issues, the challenges that are faced by fire investigators and those who support them. It finishes with some of the general problems for fire investigation and the more specific issues related to the chemistry of fire scenes.Item Open Access Chapter 6: X-Ray diffraction and focal construct technology(CRC Press, 2018-11-02) Rogers, Keith; Evans, PaulThis chapter examines the background and practice of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and considers this phenomenon principally in the context of X-ray-based security screening. The focus will be upon the practical aspects of XRD as many texts already provide comprehensive descriptions of the relevant theoretical background and that of the closely associated area of crystallography. X-ray diffraction and its development from simple materials identification to dynamic imaging will be considered, followed by a similar view of aviation screening. Subsequently, a new approach to the harvesting of diffraction signatures (Focal Construct Technology) will be introduced and consequent potential applications summarised.Item Open Access Chapter 7: Ethnographic approaches in terrorism studies and research(Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023-02-28) Filippidou, AnastasiaEthnographic approaches have played a significant part in terrorism research. This chapter examines the strengths and challenges of the ethnographic approach. The chapter draws on the author’s fieldwork experiences investigating violent ethnonational conflicts, predominantly from the cases of Spain/Basque country, France/Corsica, UK/Ireland, and Israel/Palestine. It is argued that ethnographic approaches can provide a very useful umbrella research method for terrorism studies, with the capacity to deal with a range of critical themes. A key recommendation is the importance and utility of a pragmatic empathetic ethnographic approach in researching terrorism and political violence.Item Open Access Chapter 7: The European Union and the international criminal court: contested abroad, consensual at home?(Springer, 2020-01-27) Collantes Celador, Gemma; Costa, Oriol
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