Cranfield Conferences and Symposia
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Browsing Cranfield Conferences and Symposia by Type "Poster"
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Item Open Access 3D laser metal printing in zero gravity using additive manufacturing(Cranfield University, 2019-05-09 10:12) Akhtar, ShariqPoster presented at Cranfield University's 2019 Manufacturing Doctoral Community event.Item Open Access A holistic approach of Reconfigurable Manufacturing System (RMS) lifecycle(Cranfield University, 2019-05-09 10:34) Tang, JiechengPoster presented at Cranfield University’s 2019 Manufacturing Doctoral Community event.Item Open Access A Standard European Tank? Technology Transfer and the Quest since 1945 for a Joint International Main Battle Tank within Europe and NATO(Cranfield University, 2017-11-15 11:53) Cubbin, MikePoster presented at the 2017 Defence and Security Doctoral Symposium.International cooperation in defence has long been a feature of diplomacy, and there are many theoretical advantages to both international technology transfer and standardisation within military alliances, from military organisation and logistics to political consolidation, and on to economic savings in both development and production. International collaboration in the defence industry has produced many successful weapon systems, from technologically advanced fighter aircraft to anti-tank missiles. Given the success of many joint defence projects such as the Tornado and Eurofighter aircraft, and the Roland and Brimstone missile systems, the question emerges as to why there have been no successful collaborative international main battle tank projects. The quest for a standard tank design within NATO began with the Franco-German ‘standard European tank’ project in 1956, and NATO countries have since made several further attempts towards a joint Main Battle Tank (MBT) design. At the time of writing there is talk of yet another potential joint European tank project, this time between France, Germany and possibly Poland. An important question that arises from the many works on armoured warfare, armoured vehicle technology and military technology transfer then is, why has NATO yet to agree and produce a standard tank despite several attempts since 1945? To date, there has been only one successful truly collaborative main battle tank design, and that was the Anglo-American Mark VIII ‘International’ in 1917.Item Open Access A Taxonomy for Contrasting Industrial Control Systems Asset Discovery Tools(Cranfield University, 2022-11-24T17:33:43Z) Samanis, ManolisThe number of tools for scanning industrial assets has grown considerably over the past decade. There is currently a plethora of free and commercial asset scanning tools which specialize in industrial control system (ICS) devices. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no information pertaining to their actual capabilities and no experimental comparative comparison of their features. Moreover, it is not clear to what depth of scanning these tools can reach and whether the tools are suitable to use in a scaled industrial network architecture. This poster provides the first systematic features comparison available on free to use asset scanning tools, on the basis of an ICS scanning taxonomy we propose. Based on the taxonomy, we investigate tools scanning depth and validate results through experimentation on Siemens and Allen Bradley devices.Item Open Access A Thin and Structured Acoustic Metamaterial for Absorption of Airborne Sound(Cranfield University, 2017-01-24 16:22) Starkey, TimPoster presented at the 2016 Defence and Security Doctoral Symposium.Achieving precise control over the propagation of sound energy has far reaching implications in both airborne and underwater environments. Obtaining a high level of control in the reflection, transmission, and absorption characteristics of sound is a significant challenge in the realisation of the next generation of sonar, acoustic imaging, acoustic cloaking, and sound attenuating devices.Traditionally the control of sound through a medium is governed by the bulk material properties of the fluid or the solid with which the sound is interacting. The bulk modulus and mass density are often the key parameters, but also the limiting factors in many acoustic engineering problems; for instance, it is impossible to absorb low frequency sound with a traditional (bulk) thin lightweight material.One route to overcome these limitations is to design and fabricate bespoke acoustic ‘metamaterials’ to control, guide, or otherwise manipulate the propagation of acoustic energy. These metamaterials are usually composite materials that comprise structured elements that exhibit periodic or geometric features with physical dimensions that are smaller than the wavelength of sound. The collective behaviour of the structured ensemble can be tuned to produce completely artificial behaviours that would not otherwise be seen using naturally occurring materials. At present there is a rapid expansion in acoustic metamaterial research, with studies demonstrating the potential utility these materials will have in a variety of technological applications.In this poster, I will show how sound absorption by an acoustic metamaterial can be achieved by exploiting the thermos-viscous boundary layer. This boundary layer is created at the interface between air and a solid material due to the ‘non-slip’ boundary condition for sound propagating in the direction tangential to the interface. Our metamaterial comprises a perforated (holey) metal plate separated from a flat surface by a small air gap. The sound attenuation in this structure is strongly dependent on the thickness of the air gap. By using this approach, sound absorbers that are significantly thinner and lighter than conventional sound absorbing panels may be realised.Item Open Access Accurate, fast and stable solver for electromagnetic scattering of absorbing layer materials(Cranfield University, 2016-12-06 11:26) Dély, AlexandrePoster presentation at the 2016 Defence and Security Doctoral Symposium. The boundary element method is an efficient and flexible tool for the modelling of scattering of electromagnetic waves by conducting and penetrable objects. It finds applications in the solution of forward and inverse problems in e.g. radar footprint determination, stealth technology, and imaging for diagnostics and security. To model scattering by objects that are for almost perfectly conducting, the classic equations are augmented with a so called impedance boundary condition (IBC). The IBC specifies a relationship between the electric field and the magnetic field on the surface of the scatterer, or equivalently between the magnetic and electric currents. IBC applications are numerous: especially they are well suited to simulate metals coated by a dielectric/absorbing layer which is the base of stealth technologies. In this contribution, an IBC enabled electric field integral equation will be introduced that can provide accurate results in linear time complexity at arbitrarily low frequency. The starting point of this work is the classic IBC formulation. Unfortunately, this suffers from low frequency and dense grid breakdowns. This means that the accuracy of the solution deteriorates and/or the computation time increases, when the frequency is low and/or when the number of unknown of the problem is high, because the iterative solvers used to solve the linear system require more iterations. The new IBC-EFIE introduced in this work does not suffer from these problems and can deliver highly accurate solutions at arbitrary frequency in near linear computational complexity. The formulation is based on quasi Helmholtz decomposition techniques and multiplicative preconditioners and yields a system whose condition number is independent of both the frequency and the discretization density.Item Open Access Acoustic Interface States via Material Variation(Cranfield University, 2020-01-07 15:05) Pearce, BenjaminInterface states at the boundary between two phononic crystals can arise when the two crystals possess overlapping bandgaps and differing signs in the imaginary components of their impedance [1]. The suitability of a given pair of crystals when designing an interface system can be inferred from the parity of the supported standing edge states marking the beginning and end of their band gap [2]. A crystal that supports a standing wave with an even parity pressure distribution at the beginning of its band gap will possess a differing imaginary impedance sign to a crystal supporting an odd parity state at the start of its band gap [2]. Previous works [1,2,3] have designed such systems by varying the geometry of a crystal, such variations result in the band gap of the crystal closing and re-opening, leading to two crystals with geometries that place them either side of a band gap closure. This will meet the previously given criteria for exhibiting an interface state [3]. The present study uses a variation of materials within a phononic crystal to demonstrate an interface system, whilst maintaining a consistent geometry between the two crystals. FEM Modelling was performed, using the commercial COMSOL software, to show that variations in the material properties of one of the materials within a phononic crystal results in an analogous process of band gap opening and closing. Two, two component 1D phononic crystals consisting of alternating layers of materials ‘A’ and ‘B’ were then designed and modelled to confirm the parity of their band gap edge states. Material ‘A’ was set as 3 mm thick ABS plastic, whilst material ‘B’ was either water or aluminium with thickness of 0.3 mm. The crystals were numerically modelled to provide the transmission spectra both individually and as a combined interface system revealing the predicted presence of an interface state. Initial experimental confirmation is underway, with a preliminary sample of an ABS/water crystal having been constructed, and its transmission spectrum obtained. Results thus far show the presence of the expected modes and a band gap. Further investigations are now underway using an improved sample so that data may be better compared with modelling.References:1. Xiao, M., Zhang, Z. Q., & Chan, C. T. (2014). Surface impedance and bulk band geometric phases in one-dimensional systems. Physical Review X, 4(2), 1–12. 2. Meng, Y., Wu, X., Zhang, R. Y., Li, X., Hu, P., Ge, L., Wen, W. (2018). Designing topological interface states in phononic crystals based on the full phase diagrams. New Journal of Physics, 20(7). 3. Xiao, M., Ma, G., Yang, Z., Sheng, P., Zhang, Z. Q., & Chan, C. T. (2015). Geometric phase and band inversion in periodic acoustic systems. Nature Physics, 11(3), 240–244.Item Open Access Advanced Technologies for the Bonding and De-Bonding of Armour Structures (ArmourBond)(Cranfield University, 2019-11-19 15:37) Chatzikypraios, KonstantinosA common multilayer vehicular armour design consists of a combination of adhesively-bonded metallic, ceramic and composite layers. The different properties of each layer contribute in fulfilling the lightweight and the high ballistic property requirements of these structures. Due to their complexity, though, there still are limitations in their performance that are not fully understood. These limitations are associated with a lack in understanding and controlling the propagation of the stress waves, which are induced by the projectile upon the impact event, through the different layers. The stress wave propagation, via reflection and transmission phenomena, is controlled by the acoustic impedance mismatch between the layers. The current epoxide-based armour systems, are incapable of attenuating the stress waves, promoting stress transmission, and exposing the occupants of the vehicles to greatly damaging shocks. Additionally, an increased reflection of the stress waves (in the form of tensile stress) causes the ceramic failure. As a result, the multi-hit performance of the armour is degraded. This PhD study will try to overcome these limitations by focusing on the investigation of novel adhesively-bonded systems, of high energy absorbance capability and improved shock wave attenuation, enhancing the multi-hit capability of the armour. The effect of the material selection and surface treatment on the adhesion and on the mechanical and ballistic performance of the novel structures (using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar and the Gas Gun apparatus) will be thoroughly investigated. Further to the above, the controlled debonding of these structures (dismantlable adhesion) will be also investigated, with respect to tailoring the armour against specific threats, fulfilling the “fly light and fight heavy” concept. Finally, the upscaling of the developed materials and structures will take place so that novel armour packs can be tested and validated, according to the STANAG standards.Item Open Access Algorithm for Micro-Size Target Detection with Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) Radar(Cranfield University, 2018-11-23 09:07) Binti zulkifli, SafiahPoster presented at the 2018 Defence and Security Doctoral Symposium.Micro-UAVs of the size of an insect can be used to perform stealthy surveillance or to gather intelligence crucial to attack roles at a relatively short range and within enclosed spaces and buildings. Conventional radar systems have been optimised to detect and classify bigger targets and are not specifically designed to detect micro-targets of less than 5cm in size. Other micro-targets that are relatively small in size are the insect itself. Insect detecting, monitoring and tracking have been a great interest too until now, especially those that can caused harm to the agriculture and wide spread of diseases. It is important to detect at early stage rather than noticed it after the destructive happened. Most entomology radars that are being used now are pulsed signal wave radar, that are less efficient compared to continuous wave radar. A set of MATLAB simulations will be carried out to understand how to extract the Doppler as well as micro-Doppler signatures from these small targets, then to understand what sort of detection range can be achieved with current technology.Item Unknown An End to End Hyperspectral Scene Simulator with Alternate Adjacency Models and Its Comparison with CameoSim(Cranfield University, 2019-11-19 15:37) Zahidi, UsmanIn this research we developed a rendering based End to End Hyperspectral scene simulator CHIMES (Cranfield Hyperspectral Image Modelling and Evaluation System), which generates NADIR images of passively illuminated 3-D outdoor scenes in visible and reflective infrared region i.e.360 nm to 2520 nm. CHIMES is capable of generating 3D geometry based on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data. The atmospheric data is generated by radiative transfer code, MODTRAN, which is used to generate sky-dome environment map that also includes polarisation effect of sky due to Rayleigh scattering. CHIMES generates materials’ optical radiance by employing Metropolis Light Transport (MLT) method to simulate light. It includes render-time scattering phase function, adjacency-effect, sky-dome emitter and sensor modelling. CHIMES also includes adjacency-effect model similar to commercial Hyperspectral Image (HSI) simulator CameoSim, developed by Lockheed Martin, UK. This similarity is premised by the results of rigorous comparison of both simulators under several atmospheric conditions which shows that both simulators are in agreement when executed under same atmospheric and similar rendering configurations. An improved adjacency-effect model is also incorporated which is again compared with CameoSim. Results manifest that CHIMES together with this adjacency model perform better than CameoSim with respect to ground truth data.Keywords: Hyperspectral Imaging, Synthetic Image Generation, Adjacency-Effect, CameoSim.Item Open Access An innovative cost modelling system development for laser drilling process(Cranfield University, 2019-05-09 10:34) Sarfraz, ShoaibPoster presented at Cranfield University’s 2019 Manufacturing Doctoral Community event.Item Open Access Analytical Estimates of Proton Acceleration in Laser-produced Turbulent Plasmas(Cranfield University, 2018-11-23 10:36) Beyer, KonstantinPoster presented at the 2018 Defence and Security Doctoral Symposium.With the advent of high power lasers, new opportunities have opened up for simulating astrophysical processes in the laboratory. We show that 2nd-order Fermi acceleration can be directly investigated at the National Ignition Facility, Livermore. This requires measuring the momentum-space diffusion of 3 MeV protons produced within a turbulent plasma generated by a laser. Treating Fermi acceleration as a biased diffusion process, we show analytically that a measurable broadening of the initial proton distribution is then expected for particles exiting the plasma.Item Open Access Antibiotic Discovery from the Abyss(Cranfield University, 2020-01-08 09:20) Stennett, HenryIt is essential that we discover and develop new antibiotics to overcome the problems associated with antibiotic resistance and find treatments for bacteria that don’t respond well to currently available treatment options. Recent years have seen revived interest in culture-dependent methods for discovery - screening rare bacteria from unexplored environments for their ability to inhibit the growth of pathogens. The deep sea is vast, rich in biodiversity, and one of the few ‘pristine’ environments on the planet. The extremophilic bacteria from this niche are likely metabolic innovators that evolved differently to terrestrial species, making them attractive sources of novel natural products.Our aims include (i) characterising the microbiome of deep-sea sponges, which have never been investigated before; (ii) culturing deep-sea bacteria and screening them for antibiotic production; (iii) genome sequencing and mining of producers to delineate the biosynthesis of novel antibiotics. This interdisciplinary project involves microbiology, bioinformatics, and analytical chemistry techniques.A recent screen of bacteria isolated from deep sea sponges found six strains that produce antibiotics under specific culture conditions. The genomes of these bacteria have been sequenced with Illumina and Nanopore technologies, and several active molecules have been purified. Our hit rate (8/487, or 1.6%) is higher than estimated for other environments, indicating that deep-sea sponges are a powerful source of biodiversity. Future work will involve linking natural products to biosynthetic gene clusters and transferring these clusters to heterologous hosts for larger scale production of antibiotics for method-of-action and efficacy studies.Item Open Access Are you as safe at a concert or Music Festival as you think you are?(Cranfield University, 2024-01-22T10:47:16Z) Sonnen, KTPoster contribution to the Defence and Security Doctoral Symposium 2023Item Open Access ASP Triangles: Sketching the Artificial Intelligence of a Mobile Platform(Cranfield University, 2020-12-01 08:49) Di Fraia, MarcoASP triangles are a tool that we introduced to structure the design process of the on-board Artificial Intelligence (AI) of a mobile platform. Their value lies in taking into account the couplings and interactions between macroelements characterizing the platform and the mission context, in analogy to the paradigm shift introduced in aerospace structures by the development of aeroelasticity.Item Open Access Assessing the suitability of highly filled energetic composites for additive manufacture(Cranfield University, 2020-11-27 14:40) O'Donnell, MichaelThere is currently significant interest in the development of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques suitable for various energetic materials, such as explosives and propellants. One potential approach in this application space is to use extrusion-based techniques, such as Direct Ink Writing (DIW), to print highly solids filled pastes based upon uncured polymer bonded explosives (PBXs) or composite propellants. In supporting the development of these techniques, it will be important to develop an understanding of how the rheological properties of the materials affect their overall printability, which can be defined as their suitability for a particular AM approach. Such an understanding could enable rapid selection and optimisation of suitable technologies or formulations based upon measurable parameters.This paper reviews the printability of energetic materials in extrusion-based systems, and considers applicable approaches, rheological models and experimental techniques. The design, assembly and testing of custom apparatus for assessing the extrusion properties of an energetic paste are also discussed.Item Open Access Assessment of Light Transport Through Human Anatomy(Cranfield University, 2018-11-15 11:49) Kallepalli, AkhilPoster presented at the 2018 Defence and Security Doctoral Symposium.Due to the non-contact and non-invasive nature, and ease of investigation, photonics and imaging have emerged as a preferred modality in a multitude of domains. Investigation of medical conditions and problems utilising these tools is a highly sought after domain of research and innovation due to the impact it would have in improving the quality of care for patients while reducing the workload of medical staff. In our research, we consider simulations for light transport and subsequently study experimental evidence from interactions with the light of different wavelengths. As the light interacts with a complex combination of skin and underlying anatomy, it is absorbed, reflected and scattered light in characteristic ways. Our primary interest lies in better understanding light transport through the human anatomy, which is a complex, multi-layered target. Specifically, we are investigating the interaction of infrared and red wavelengths in a non-contact and non-invasive method. We are also delving into multi-sensor and multi-platform information fusion for monitoring ‘health’, directed towards the point-of-care segments of health care.Item Open Access Assured Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Safety-Critical Scenarios(Cranfield University, 2022-01-11T16:35:25Z) Riley, JoshuaMulti-agent reinforcement learning involves and facilitates a team of agents to solve complex decision-making problems in shared environments. This learning process is largely successful in many areas, but its inherently stochastic nature is problematic when applied to safety-critical domains.To solve this limitation, we propose our Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (AMARL), which uses a model checking technique called quantitative verification. Quantitative verification provides formal guarantees of agent compliance to safety, performance, and other non-functional requirements, while reinforcement learning occurs and after a policy has been learned.Our AMARL approach is demonstrated using three separate navigation domains, which contain patrolling problems. The multi-agent systems must learn to visit patrol points to satisfy mission objectives while limiting exposure to risky areas in these domains. Different reinforcement learning algorithms have been utilised within these domains: temporal difference learning, game theory, and direct policy search. The performance of these algorithms, while combined with our approach, are presented. Lastly, we demonstrate AMARL with differing system sizes in both homogeneous and heterogeneous multi-agent systems through our extensive experimentation. This experimentation shows that the use of AMARL leads to faster and more efficient performance than standard reinforcement learning and consistently meets safety requirements.Item Open Access Audio Visual Assessment of CBRN hazards and injuries (AVA)(Cranfield University, 2020-01-08 09:11) Komianos, AthanasiosIn recent years, there has been a significant rise in the uptake by the general public, of audio visual (AV) technology. In part this is driven by the wider adoption of smartphones, social media, broadband internet, computers with in built webcams and wearable devices. Despite the widespread adoption of AV technology, it has seen limited use in CBRN incidents, environmental hazards and emergencies.AVA will systematically measure and evaluate the current communication situation, capture and analyse the information requirements of groups of users, whilst identifying any constraints, consult UK, European and international standards and processes associated with communication during a CBRN incident. It will assess, evaluate and support the development of methods for the secure transmission of real time video over low bandwidth connections, to a web-video player, with the ability to adapt to any screen size, work on any smart device and to provide support to CBRN incident responders and field epidemiologists, where there is a shortage of specialists. The project outputs will help to inform decisions about the use of such new technology for front line needs, enabling remote responders in a disaster/hot zone, where there is limited network connectivity, to live-link with back-office specialists. AVA will develop the standards, procedures and guidelines for the use of this technology for remote risk assessment and decision making.Item Open Access Automated Microfluidic Analysis of CUP-2 UOC for Forensic Applications(Cranfield University, 2024-01-22T12:08:24Z) Han, ShuangPoster contribution to the Defence and Security Doctoral Symposium 2023