Cranfield Conferences and Symposia
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Item Open Access Behavioural Consequences of Risk are Inadequately Embedded in Contemporary Project Management Practice Leading to Sub-optimal Outcomes(Cranfield University, 2017-12-14 10:52) Kipp, Michael3MT presented at the 2017 Defence and Security Doctoral Symposium.The current methodology for the management of projects is driven by a plethora of guidance, techniques and practice often lacking the evidence from successful implementation particularly in projects with significant risk.Causes of project failure are well documented and research indicates there are underlying reasons for failure including a shortage of relevant theory, inadequate skills and insufficient experience. There may also be over-reliance on systematic processes at the expense of behavioural inputs in decision-making when managing risk. Conceivably, there is something important missing from contemporary practice in project management today.Current practice in project management, including traditional, agile and hybrid models, have been analysed to determine the fundamental characteristics of each and the extent to which behavioural factors are embodied. The research concludes, firstly, that agile methods take more account of human factors than traditional techniques and, secondly, that a hybrid approach offers additional benefits in terms of both operational assurance and governance and delivers more favourable outcomes.Item Open Access Hives and Honeypots: Understanding Malicious Activity In Online Accounts(Cranfield University, 2017-12-11 16:15) Onaolapo, Jeremiah3MT presented at the 2017 Defence and Security Doctoral Symposium.Account credentials are attractive to cybercriminals who often seek ways to monetise the valuable and sensitive data in online accounts that such credentials guard. However, it is unclear what exactly cybercriminals do with compromised accounts after gaining access. To protect users, it is important for researchers and law enforcement agencies to understand the modus operandi of these criminals. To this end, my research focuses on understanding how cybercriminals compromise and abuse online accounts, with a view to providing insights that will be useful in the development of mitigation techniques. I have developed an open-source infrastructure that is capable of monitoring the activity of cybercriminals that connect to webmail accounts. Similarly, I have studied what happens to compromised documents in the cloud. During the 3MT presentation, I plan to present an overview of my work so far, and also provide a brief glimpse into what comes next.Item Open Access I feel it in my bones! An investigation into the mechanical and structural changes to bone as we age(Cranfield University, 2017-12-12 08:33) McGivern, Hannah3MT presented at the 2017 Defence and Security Doctoral Symposium.Bone biomechanics is concerned with the study of the ailments and performance of our musculoskeletal system. Our knowledge of this field has been propelled forward by those in the automotive industry, who specialise in applied biomechanics and engineering. Their interest in this subject matter stems from the continual need to improve vehicle safety, but our skeletons also provide anthropological records of our lives, and can even act as a record of a criminal act. The aim of this research is to conduct a detailed assessment to examine the changes that occur to the structural and mechanical properties of the rib and clavicle bones, as we age. This multimethod approach will combine a non-invasive technique, micro-computed tomography (µ-CT), with multiple invasive methods including nanoindentation, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and DSC-TGA. The proposed outcome of this research will be to use the resulting data to create a more comprehensive overview of the microarchitecture and mechanical behaviour of the rib and clavicle bones, which can then be used collaboratively with various disciplines. Understanding how these bones deteriorate with age will be particularly helpful for mitigating skeletal brittleness in some vulnerable groups like the elderly, by informing orthopaedic surgeons on the structure and condition of bone, which in turn could assist with the management of fractures through treatment and rehabilitation. Forensic anthropology, in parallel, will draw information to establish mechanisms of trauma, providing critical information for forensic investigations, as well as archaeological case studies that bear injuries, and in grasping the historical context for archaeological studies of past populations.Item Open Access Infrared Based Relative Navigation for Active Debris Removal (ADR)(Cranfield University, 2018-01-03 08:45) Yilmaz, Ozgun3MT presented at the 2017 Defence and Security Doctoral Symposium.The risk of orbital collisions for operational satellites have been increasing overtime due to the uncontrolled space debris environment over years. The studies show that sustainable space environment can only be achieved by performing remediation actions such as ADR where a chaser spacecraft collects large space debris and perform necessary orbital disposal procedures. Even though overall mission has significant similarities with already demonstrated space Rendezvous and Docking (RvD) missions, they have more challenges due to uncertainties link to the target which is uncooperative. In this context, there are few technologies that need to be specifically developed and robust relative navigation is one of them. In current RvD missions, the relative navigation with cooperative targets are aided with RADAR, LIDAR which are not attractive due to limitations in spacecraft power budget and visual camera which suffers in certain illumination conditions. In this context, we propose infrared technologies as an alternative robust solution which have inherent advantage of illumination invariance as well as being resistant to damages caused by sun in the field of view. We have first proved that space debris is observable under space thermal environment. We have also demonstrated that there are trackable features and can be used for navigation purposes. From these findings, we have developed a robust infrared based relative navigation algorithm that can operate in ADR like applications.Item Open Access Neutrinos for Non-Proliferation(Cranfield University, 2018-11-15 11:26) Kneale, ElisabethTechnical paper presented at the 2018 Defence and Security Doctoral Symposium.Identifying the existence of a clandestine reactor in a complex nuclear landscape for nuclear threat reduction is challenging. WATCHMAN will demonstrate for the first time the feasibility of detecting the signal from a hidden reactor against the background of a second reactor. A kilotonne-scale detector to be built underground in the Boulby Mine in North Yorkshire, WATCHMAN will detect antineutrinos - the unshieldable by-product of radioactive decay in a nuclear reactor.A WATCHMAN-style detector could be used remotely as part of a non-proliferation agreement and WATCHMAN offers a unique opportunity to develop reactor antineutrino detection technology for non-proliferation and beyond.Such a detector will out of necessity operate at long range, often at the very limit of its sensitivity, and so minimising backgrounds is essential. Photomultipliers (PMTs) detect light from antineutrino interactions in the detector however accidental coincidences from the decay of radioactive isotopes in PMT glass mimic the antineutrino signal and are one of the principle sources of backgrounds for the experiment.This paper presents an analytical method for optimising the signal-to-background ratio in the experimental results and uses it to compare the relative benefits of different PMT types. It is found that while the optimal detector design uses 10” low radioactivity glass PMTs, the potentially stronger and more readily available 12” standard-glass PMTs can give comparable results due to the improvement in the precision with which we can identify exactly where in the detector an event has occurred. This result is sensitively dependent on the dark noise rate in the tubes due to its effect on reconstruction at lower energiesItem Open Access Shear Localisation During Deformation of Thermo-Visco-Plastic Materials(Cranfield University, 2017-11-15 12:03) Timms, RobertTechnical Paper presented at the 2017 Defence and Security Doctoral Symposium.The mechanisms responsible for ignition of explosive materials in response to low energy stimuli, known as “insults" in the literature, are still not well understood. It is in general believed that explosive ignition is of thermal origin, with mechanical energy being converted into heat energy in localised regions, forming so-called “hot spots”. We investigate how an instability caused by thermal softening may give rise to localised plastic deformation which may lead to subsequent ignition. We consider the homogenous deformation of a material which exhibits strain hardening, strain-rate hardening and thermal softening behaviour. As the strain is increased the material enters into the plastic regime and hardening behaviour is observed, exacerbated by any material inhomogeneity. If the deformation takes place at a high enough strain-rate, there is insufficient time for the heat generated by plastic work to be conducted away, and the material subsequently exhibits thermal softening. Where the local softening dominates over the hardening, the material strength decreases, leading to regions of highly localised deformation. We exploit an idealised geometry, using asymptotic methods to obtain a reduced system of equations which govern the growth rate of the disturbances. Further, we discuss how the growth rate is affected by the constitutive properties of the material, and highlight how this instability may lead to localised reactions in a range of loading scenarios. This work is British Crown Owned Copyright 2017/AWE.Item Open Access Trust in Automation: A Qualitative Study of Behaviour and Attitudes Towards Emerging Technology in Military Culture(Cranfield University, 2018-11-27 14:51) Field, MeganTechnical paper presented at the 2018 Defence and Security Doctoral Symposium.Trust is often explored as a determinant of appropriate automation usage and reliance. Despite the wealth of research into the antecedents, decision making and cognitive factors to facilitate human-automation interaction, internal factors that influence dispositional trust, are often underrepresented. High speciality and criticality domains characterise the most researched areas in this field, however, there are minimal studies exploring organisational culture, such as within the military, and their effect on trust in automation. The research seeks to explore the dominant narratives of differing echelons of the military (ground, air, surface and subsurface) through responsive interviewing and examining the unique culture borne of strong hierarchical order, regulations and training in parallel to civilians. Furthermore, within the larger scope, submarine culture is psychosocially distinctive due to the environmental constraints of active duty, such as the isolation and restrictions incurred by lengthy operational deployment. Due to this seclusion, submarine life is often distinct from other strata owing to the weight of human-human trust and kinship placed on the personnel over automated teammates (e.g., decision making software). The research plans to delve into the experiences of this idiosyncratic workforce and others to explore how service potentially alters their views and experience of human-automation/system interactions and whether underlying skepticisms, expertise or training play a part in their worldview.Item Open Access Utilising Synthetic Aperture Radar Data-dome Collections for Building Feature Analysis(Cranfield University, 2018-11-15 13:15) Corbett, BrandonTechnical paper presented at the 2018 Defence and Security Doctoral Symposium.Low-frequency synthetic aperture radar (LF-SAR) is a remote sensing measurement technique that can aid in covert intelligence gathering capabilities for detecting concealed targets in building, and obscured phenomena in general. The Airbus Defence and Space Ltd LF-SAR data dome project has provided a coherently collected three-dimensional data set using airborne circular SAR (CSAR) trajectories, with the potential of providing volumetric SAR imagery of obscured regions inside buildings. Preliminary results of this collection are presented. Both the linear strip-map and CSAR datasets provided contain a great deal of information. Early results show promise, but have revealed the fundamental challenge with low-frequency remote sensing, that being the presence of radio-frequency interference, which reduces the quality of SAR image products.