DSDS 22
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Item Open Access Defence and Security Doctoral Symposium 2022 (DSDS22) Flyer(Cranfield University, 2022-08-30T11:41:27Z) Cranfield UniversityFlyer for the Defence and Security Doctoral Symposium (DSDS22) taking place 9-10 November 2022Item Open Access Development of a soil analytical framework to facilitate early identification of the deleterious effects of emerging contaminants and chemicals of military concern on soil(Cranfield University, 2023-01-05T12:42:02Z) Persico, Federica; Coulon, Frederic; Ladyman, Melissa; Temple, TraceyInsensitive munitions are currently in use in military operations and training areas around the world and are usually filled with Insensitive High Explosive (IHE) formulations, such as combinations of constituents including 2,4-dinitroanisle (DNAN), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and RDX. Literature is available on the physiochemical nature of these materials, although the actual consequence of residues being deposited post-detonation in the environment is still an unexplored area of research. Of particular interest is the evaluation of soil health as it provides an early warning sign of contamination that may impact on human health and other environmental receptors. This research aimed to establish the concentrations of IHE in soil that would be detrimental to soil by quantifying residues from three detonated 155mm artillery shells filled with IHE composition (15% RDX, 32% DNAN and 53% NTO). The data collected was used to calculate the impact of 100 detonations to estimate the cumulative impacts. The estimated soil concentration values were simulated in outdoor soil mesocosms to establish high, medium, and low soil health boundaries for IHE in soil. The results obtained provide insight on the environmental impact of IHE filled munitions supporting future research in understanding consequences on soil health of detonated munitions.Item Open Access Influence of carbon fibre orientation on the post-fire tensile behaviour of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates(Cranfield University, 2023-03-16T14:47:43Z) Aspinall, TimothyThe effect of carbon fibre orientation on the post-fire tensile behaviour of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates is investigated in this study. CFRP specimens produced using unique carbon fibre orientations, unidirectional, bidirectional and multidirectional denoted S1, S2 and S3, respectively, are compared before and after exposure to thermal exposure. This study has practical usefulness as CFRP laminates containing these types of carbon fibre orientations are often utilised adjacent or close to fuel storage in aircraft that may present a fire hazard. The study's results showed that the S1 specimens exhibited the highest resistance to tensile failure before and after thermal exposure, whereas the S3 specimens exhibited the lowest resistance to tensile failure before and after thermal exposure. Furthermore, the data has shown that after thermal exposure, the tensile properties of the S1, S2 and S3 CFRP specimens reduced by 35%, 51% and 52%, respectively, compared to before thermal exposure. This loss in tensile properties can be attributed to the pyrolysis of the epoxy matrix and subsequent loss of interfacial bond strength, as the irradiance intensity used in the study was purposely chosen to represent the heat from a fire due to a small fuel leak in an aircraft resulting in temperatures lower than those required to oxidise the carbon fibres. Post-fire imagery has also shown that all the specimens in their undamaged state exhibit brittle failure; however, after thermal exposure, all CFRP specimens exhibit explosive delamination failure.Item Open Access Knowledge Management and the Adoption of Innovation in Defence: the case of PeSCo(Cranfield University, 2023-01-05T12:42:51Z) Pengili, Migena; Pereira dos Santos, TamirisThe EU Global Strategies 2016 call for enhanced cooperation in security and defence from a 'shared vision' to 'common action' set the clock ticking for Europe; which eventually led to the establishment of the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PeSCo) in December 2017. The European Union pushed for a change in status from 'soft power actor' to 'strategic actor' or the ability to pursue its political objectives using hard power means knowledge re-use, knowledge sharing and adoption are reflected in PeSCo development, implementation and operation indicating that KM is important to this type of organisational structure. To fill this gap in the literature, we will look into how the flow of knowledge and its management affects the adoption of PeSCo as an innovative arrangement.Item Open Access Metals in extreme environments; Effect of multiple high velocity shots(Cranfield University, 2022-11-22T11:35:41Z) Stephenson, John-JosephDuring high strain rate scenarios such as an impact event, a compressive shock wave will propagate through the material. When this wave reaches a free surface, it will be reflected as a rarefaction wave. Interaction of these rarefaction waves can lead to localised tension developing in the material, leading to tensile failure, or spallation, which has been studied extensively over many years.What has been far less studied is the effect of a secondary compression on shock damaged material. This research will investigate this and determine if, and if so under what conditions, recompaction will occur in Aluminium and Titanium. This should provide fundamental knowledge of complex loading scenarios, aiding understanding of extreme events in both civil and military spheres. The work will involve the design of a passive' recovery system, which in addition to reducing the time required to produce samples for this work will have wider applications within the shock community.During high strain rate scenarios such as an impact event, a compressive shock wave will propagate through the material. When this wave reaches a free surface, it will be reflected as a rarefaction wave. Interaction of these rarefaction waves can lead to localised tension developing in the material, leading to tensile failure, or spallation, which has been studied extensively over many years. What has been far less studied is the effect of a secondary compression on shock damaged material. This research will investigate this and determine if, and if so under what conditions, recompaction will occur in Aluminium and Titanium. This should provide fundamental knowledge of complex loading scenarios, aiding understanding of extreme events in both civil and military spheres. The work will involve the design of a 'passive' recovery system, which in addition to reducing the time required to produce samples for this work will have wider applications within the shock community.Item Open Access Multistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar Phenomenology and Interferometry(Cranfield University, 2022-11-22T11:36:33Z) Hagelberg, AlexanderSynthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a remote sensing technique which provides high resolution imagery over large areas of the Earth. Unlike optical imagery, SAR operates in all-weathers, day or night. SAR images provide different information compared to electro-optical imagery and allows interferometry to be performed. Interferometry provides sensitive detection of ground height and of changes on the ground. This project investigates multistatic SAR geometries suitable to swarm radar platform concepts including SAR satellite constellations, as well as the processing of collected data.Item Open Access Not so crystal clear : Defects, hot spots and initiations in explosive crystals(Cranfield University, 2022-11-21T16:21:07Z) Mintoff, AliceNitroamine explosives are a crystalline material used in munitions, as a charge or propellant in powder form. These crystalline powders are compounded into formulations with other materials that can be tuned to fit requirements and their sensitiveness to insult is well understood. The larger part of these formulations are the crystalline explosives, which currently have less tunability. Researchers are aware that different crystal structures result in different materials properties. This is seen in nitramine explosives, such as RDX, where sensitivity can be reduced by manufacturing RDX particles to be more spherical and reducing the crystalline defects. They also know that hot spot formation, spots within the structure that heat up faster than surrounding areas, a contributing factor to initiation, is caused by defects within the crystal structures of the explosives. The types of defects, point, line, surface, substitutional, or interstitial, are not unique to energetic crystalline materials and a material could have any combination of these. A better understanding of how thse defects effect the formation of hot spots and the subsequent sensitivity will enable researchers to develop techniques that can produce highly tuned crystalline explosives. This thesis will focus on the nitroamine explosive, HMX, octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine. Large single crystals will be grown using temperature lowering methods and the subsequent defects will then be identified and mapped out using Xray topography. Once characterised, the single crystals will then be subject to a shockwave which will cause initiation. Correlations between this initiation and the mapped defects will be identified.Item Open Access Obliterated Firearms Markings Documented in an African Country(Cranfield University, 2023-01-05T12:40:29Z) Henwood, BaileyFor the first time, a 'boots on the ground' approach has been taken to understand obliterations made to Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) recovered and documented in an African state, Country X. 126 firearms, primarily AK-pattern, were documented by Conflict Armament Research during a 10-year mission. These weapons were sanitised by local actors by removing identifying markings such as serial numbers and factory marks. Each obliteration was carefully analysed to determine the type of tool used by identifying the class characteristics of the toolmark, and to identify precisely which marks were removed. An obliteration code system has been developed, which identifies the tool type, completeness, marks removed, directionality, and any additional concealment. These codes have allowed to development of a database of obliterations and will, in turn, aid the intelligence-led investigation into the local forensic awareness, physical capabilities, and the motivation to obscure the SALWs identity. The results indicate that many of the weapons in each profile were likely sanitised by the same node-or were at least under the instruction of one common actor. This study also established that the forensic awareness within Country X is relatively low, as many of these marks may be recoverable using either traditional or novel means, if given the opportunity. The motivation for many of these weapons lies in the maintenance of monetary value, while concealing the identity to evade tracing efforts. This paper utilises a novel approach to understand weapon sanitisation in Country X, and how methods of obliteration can enhance further investigations in the region.Item Open Access Obliteration Trends Around the World(Cranfield University, 2022-11-21T16:20:18Z) Henwood, BaileyIn both conflict zones and criminal investigations, the identification of firearms used in the commission of crimes is critical. This allows the tracking of weapons from manufacturers and legal owners to illicit actors and unauthorised users. The forensic investigation of firearms used in the commission of crime, in any theatre, is often complicated by the removal of identifying features like serial numbers, factory marks and manufacturer logos. This presentation will outline differences in obliteration techniques across the globe, while also highlighting potential motivations to conceal the firearms identity from the outset.