19th CIRP Design Conference – Competitive Design, 2009
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Editors: Rajkumar Roy and Essam Shehab
Organised by: Cranfield University
Sponsored by: Mori Seiki – The Machine Tool Company
ISBN: 978-0-9557436-4-1
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Item Open Access Competing in Engineering Design – the Role of Virtual Product Creation(Cranfield University Press, 2009-03-31) Stark, R.; Krause, F. L.; Kind, C.; Rothenburg, U.; Müller, P.; Stöckert, H.; Rajkumar Roy; Essam ShehabProduct creation is facing the next level of fundamental changes. Global demands are growing substantially to achieve energy efficient and sustainable value creation networks for products, production and services without compromising traditional success factors such as time to market, cost and quality. To stay competitive within such an environment development partners in industry and public sectors will require new interplay solutions for engineering design execution, domain knowledge representation, expert competence utilization and digital assistance systems. This scenario offers the chance for virtual production creation solutions to become critical for the future by offering unique engineering capabilities which have not yet explored or deployed. The paper investigates key elements of modern virtual product creation – such as agile process execution, functional product modeling and context appropriate information management – towards their competitive role in satisfying increasing numbers of product requirements, in delivering robust systems integration and in ensuring true sustainable product lifecycle solutions.Item Open Access Interpretation of a General Model for Inventive Problems, the Generalized System of Contradictions(Cranfield University Press, 2009-03-31) Dubois, S.; Rasovska, I.; De Guio, R.; Rajkumar Roy; Essam ShehabDesign of technical systems implies either optimisation or inventive problems resolution. Resolution tools and methods exist for each kind of problems. Each family of resolution tools uses specific models for problem statement. A generic model that fits both kinds of problems has been defined, the Generalized System of Contradictions model. In border of this model a problem can be stated when no solution can be found by optimisation techniques. In this paper the Generalized System of Contradictions is linked to Design of Experiments model. Moreover a step towards problem resolution is proposed by the interpretation of the generic model. This interpretation is based on the definition of exhaustive concepts, it means of concepts enabling to look for solution outside of the initially defined domain. This process of problem statement out of the result of DoE and of interpretation of the built model is detailed and then illustrated through an example.Item Open Access Interoperability and Standards: The Way for Innovative Design in Networked Working Environments(Cranfield University Press, 2009-03-31) Agostinho, C.; Almeida, B.; Nuñez-Ariño, M. J.; Jardim-Gonçalves, R.; Rajkumar Roy; Essam ShehabIn today’s networked economy, strategic business partnerships and outsourcing has become the dominant paradigm where companies focus on core competencies and skills, as creative design, manufacturing, or selling. However, achieving seamless interoperability is an ongoing challenge these networks are facing, due to their distributed and heterogeneous nature. Part of the solution relies on adoption of standards for design and product data representation, but for sectors predominantly characterized by SMEs, such as the furniture sector, implementations need to be tailored to reduce costs. This paper recommends a set of best practices for the fast adoption of the ISO funStep standard modules and presents a framework that enables the usage of visualization data as a way to reduce costs in manufacturing and electronic catalogue design.Item Open Access A Study on Process Description Method for DFM Using Ontology(Cranfield University Press, 2009-03-31) Hiekata, K.; Yamato, H.; Rajkumar Roy; Essam ShehabA method to describe process and knowledge based on RDF which is an ontology description language and IDEF0 which is a formal process description format is proposed. Once knowledge of experienced engineers is embedded into the system the knowledge will be lost in the future. A production process is described in a proposed format similar to BOM and the process can be retrieved as a flow diagram to make the engineers to understand the product and process. Proposed method is applied to a simple production process of common sub-assembly of ships for evaluation.Item Open Access The Product Piracy Conflict Matrix – Central Element of an Integrated, TRIZ-based Approach to Technology-based Know-how Protection(Cranfield University Press, 2009-03-31) Schuh, G.; Haag, C.; Rajkumar Roy; Essam ShehabThe paper gives a general introduction to product piracy as an economic and a methodological challenge. Technology-based know-how protection is presented and its potentials outlined. The corporate value chain is discussed as the relevant system when implementing technological know-how protection mechanisms and as an essential dimension of the so called Product Piracy Conflict Matrix (PPC Matrix). Forming the methodological analogy, the TRIZ contradiction table is presented as a starting point for the PPC Matrix. The development of the matrix is described and its implications as part of a comprehensive process model for technological know-how protection are discussed. Finally, a detailed and critical outlook both towards its application potentials and towards further research needs is given.Item Open Access Grid Services for Multi-objective Optimisation(Cranfield University Press, 2009-03-31) Goteng, Gokop; Tiwari, Ashutosh; Roy, Rajkumar; Rajkumar Roy; Essam ShehabThe emerging grid technology is defined as an infrastructure for secure and coordinated large-scale resource sharing. In this paper, we describe the architecture and grid services of DECGrid. DECGrid enables distributed design experts to collaborate and share resources during design optimisation. Mathematical models are built using services by experts. These models are then directly linked to NSGA-II optimisation algorithm service and allow design experts to enter design parameters of their choice. A real-life case study-welded beam problem was used to validate the prototype. The results obtained showed a wider spread in the solution space compared to the results in literature.Item Open Access Symbiotic Design of Products and Manufacturing Systems Using Biological Analysis(Cranfield University Press, 2009-03-31) AlGeddawy, T. N.; ElMaraghy, H. A.; Rajkumar Roy; Essam ShehabChanges in manufacturing systems are oftenly driven by product design variations that exist at specific points in time, and gradual product design changes that appear over time. Further interactions take place to fully utilize established manufacturing system capabilities when considering product future designs. This is common in eco-systems when two or more different species co-evolve simultaneously, and it has inspired the development of a new model to capture the symbiotic relationship between products and their manufacturing systems based on Cladistics which is commonly used in biology. The obtained hierarchal order was analyzed in depth to track the product changes record and guide the next design steps to benefit from system capabilities.Item Open Access How do Designers Categorize Information in the Generation Phase of the Creative Process?(Cranfield University Press, 2009-03-31) Kim, J. E.; Bouchard, C.; Omhover, J. F.; Aoussat, A.; Rajkumar Roy; Essam ShehabIn this paper, firstly we provide a wide range of literature review on designer’s cognitive activity in order to bridge informative and generative phase in the early stages of design. In the generation phase of the creative process, designers use various levels of information and execute internal processing. We found that some of this internal processing (especially in encoding, storage and recall) can be described as information categorisation. In this respect, we propose a descriptive model of information processing to generate ideas by integrating a model from cognitive psychology. We conclude by discussing the limitations of current research and perspectives for further work.Item Open Access The Use of DfE Rules During the Conceptual Design Phase of a Product to Give a Quantitative Environmental Evaluation to Designers(Cranfield University Press, 2009-03-31) Alhomsi, H.; Zwolinski, P.; Rajkumar Roy; Essam ShehabIn order to help designers to understand and translate the environmental constraints into effective actions, methods and tools have to be developed to enable the generation of more environmentally benign design alternatives according to Design for Environment rules. This article explains how to use DfE rules earlier during the conceptual design phase, when the designers don’t have simple qualitative tools or methods to evaluate their products. Two main actions have been realised: 1) to identify which kind of rules can be applied when designers only have a functional representation of their product 2). To create the necessary indicators to evaluate these rules depending on designers choices.Item Open Access Set-Based Concurrent Engineering Model for Automotive Electronic/Software Systems Development(Cranfield University Press, 2009-03-31) Al-Ashaab, Ahmed; Howell, S.; Usowicz, K.; Hernando Anta, P.; Gorka, A.; Rajkumar Roy; Essam ShehabThis paper is presenting a proposal of a novel approach to automotive electronic/software systems development. It is based on the combination of Set-Based Concurrent Engineering, a Toyota approach to product development, with the standard V-Model of software development. Automotive industry currently faces the problem of growing complexity of electronic/software systems. This issue is especially visible at the level of integration of these systems which is difficult and error-prone. The presented conceptual proposal is to establish better processes that could handle the electronic/software systems design and development in a more integrated and consistent manner.Item Open Access An Improved Method of Failure Mode Analysis for Design Changes(Cranfield University Press, 2009-03-31) Laurenti, R.; Rozenfeld, H.; Rajkumar Roy; Essam ShehabCustomers and market changes behaviour are a large part of the product creation and modification. Though, design changes introduce new potential failures into the products. In this paper, it is presented an integrated method which turns attention to the analysis of design changes. The method is based on FMEA and DRBFM methods, and on remarks from four focused interviews. The interviews showed the necessity of a structured process of managing engineering changes, multidisciplinary work, empowerment of responsibilities, committed personnel and understanding of the modifications. Yet, further work must be undertaken to assess and validate the novel method.Item Open Access Scenario-Based Evaluation of Perception of Picture Quality Failures in LCD Televisions(Cranfield University Press, 2009-03-31) Keijzers, J.; Scholten, L.; Lu, Y.; den Ouden, E.; Rajkumar Roy; Essam ShehabIn innovative Consumer Electronics products, such as LCD televisions, consumers often perceive the product's malfunctioning differently than designers do. To support critical design decisions, it is therefore important to understand how consumers perceive potential product failures. This paper discusses the development of realistic failure scenarios related to the picture quality of an LCD television. The impact of television content as well as failure origin on the perception of failures is evaluated in an experiment. Advantages and drawbacks of using the scenarios to evaluate design decisions, and implications for further research are discussed.Item Open Access TRIZ Evolution Trends in Biological and Technological Design Strategies(Cranfield University Press, 2009-03-31) Bogatyrev, N. R.; Bogatyreva, O. A.; Rajkumar Roy; Essam ShehabThe concept of evolution in technology and biology is discussed. It appears that most of the evolution trends in technology and biology result from different development strategies. This conflict has roots from the time when technology emerged to adapt the environment for our needs. Following that strategy to full extent is dangerous. We need also to adapt to the environment, but current technology neither has the mechanisms for such changes nor the knowledge of which directions to go. Therefore learning from nature is a real challenge. We suggest ten new evolution trends for strategic design to be ahead on future markets.Item Open Access Achieving Effective Innovation Based On TRIZ Technological Evolution(Cranfield University Press, 2009-03-31) Sun, J. G.; Tan, R. H.; Cao, G. Z.; Rajkumar Roy; Essam ShehabThis paper outlines the conception of effective innovation and discusses the method to achieve it. Effective Innovation is constrained on the path of technological evolution so that the corresponding path must be detected before conceptual design of the product. The process of products technological evolution is a technical developing process that the products approach to Ideal Final Result (IFR). During the process, the sustaining innovation and disruptive innovation carry on alternately. By researching and forecasting potential techniques using TRIZ technological evolution theory, the effective innovation can be achieved finally.Item Open Access Improving Patient Flow Through Axiomatic Design of Hospital Emergency Departments(Cranfield University Press, 2009-03-31) Peck, J.; Kim, S-G.; Rajkumar Roy; Essam ShehabIn response to crowding in hospital emergency departments (ED), efforts have been made to increase patient flow through the Fast Track (FT). The use of FT, however, has not always been accompanied by an increase in the overall patient flow, sometimes leaving the FT underutilized. We find that this is mainly caused by the current practice of assigning patients to FT based only on the Emergency Severity Index. One index for two functional requirements results in a coupling between prioritizing of patients and encouraging the fast flow of them. By introducing a new index for patient flow, we could uncouple this design problem and significantly decrease the overall patient waiting time (~50%) compared to that of the existing use of FT.Item Open Access Supporting Knitwear Design Using Case-Based Reasoning(Cranfield University Press, 2009-03-31) Richards, P.; Ekárt, A.; Rajkumar Roy; Essam ShehabKnitwear design is a creative activity that is hard to automate using the computer. The production of the associated knitting pattern, however, is repetitive, time-consuming and error-prone, calling for automation. Our objectives are two-fold: to facilitate the design and to ease the burden of calculations and checks in pattern production. We conduct a feasibility study for applying case-based reasoning in knitwear design: we describe appropriate methods and show how they can be implemented.Item Open Access Using a Process Knowledge Based CAD for a More Robust Response to Demands for Quotation(Cranfield University Press, 2009-03-31) Toussaint, L.; Gomes, S.; Sagot, J. C.; Rajkumar Roy; Essam ShehabOut of 100 hours of engineering work, only 20 are dedicated to real engineering and 80 are spent on what is considered routine work. To accelerate these routine processes, our research is based on methods and tools to capitalize and reuse knowledge in collaborative conception. To validate our research hypotheses, a series of experiments through a design process, with the aid of a Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) tool and a geometric modeler, have been implemented. This article defines a methodology for design and verification of a concept through the use of a knowledge capitalization and its application.Item Open Access Development of a Software Tool to Support System Lifecycle Management(Cranfield University Press, 2009-03-31) Robin, V.; Brunel, S.; Zolghadri, M.; Girard, P.; Rajkumar Roy; Essam ShehabIn the extended enterprise context, many stakeholders act on the product during all its lifecycle. They influence the product development and managers have to be able to control all the activities and their interactions that are generating the different processes. They have also to manage each actor involved in the project during the product lifecycle. In this paper, propose an approach to identify, define and manage factors influencing product development. It is the System Lifecycle Management. PEGASE, a prototype of software to control design project, follow-up the system evolution and support decision-making, is also presented.Item Open Access A Knowledge Based Approach for Affordable Virtual Prototyping: the Drip Emitters Test Case(Cranfield University Press, 2009-03-31) Cicconi, P.; Raffaeli, R.; Rajkumar Roy; Essam ShehabVirtual prototyping lacks of application in SME due to the costs of software systems and the necessity of skilled operators. The aim is to improve dripper emitters design process reducing costs. A knowledge base is presented to gather data on products behaviour in terms of experimental data and simulation results for a set of meaningful test cases. Input design parameters were linked to performance indices on the base of the correlations emerged in the analysis. Specifications for a new product can be used to extract similar cases and to define a possible solution in terms of a combination of them.Item Open Access A Method of Analyzing Complexity by Effects and Rapid Acquisition of the Most Ideal Solution Based on TRIZ(Cranfield University Press, 2009-03-31) Zhang, P.; Liu, F.; Zhang, D. R.; Tan, R. H.; Rajkumar Roy; Essam ShehabPresently, designers could only use definitions in the complexity theory to analyze the complex problems in the system. In the article, a new method is put forward which is the method of analyzing complexity by effects and rapid acquisition of the highest ideal solution based on TRIZ. By the twice mapping events of complex problems, transform them into chain of additional effects. Due to that some relationship exists between the ideal of module of additional effects’ solution and S-curves, designers could rapidly obtain the most ideal solution. Finally, use the ultrasonic system examples to check the method.