Browsing by Author "Warth, Benedikt"

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    International interlaboratory study to normalize liquid chromatography-based mycotoxin retention times through implementation of a retention index system
    (Elsevier, 2025-03-29) Kelman, Megan J.; Renaud, Justin B.; McCarron, Pearse; Hoogstra, Shawn; Chow, Willis; Wang, Jian; Varga, Liz; Patriarca, Andrea; Medina, Angel; Visintin, Lia; Nguyen, Truong Nhat; De Boevre, Marthe; De Saeger, Sarah; Karanghat, Vasudevan; Vuckovic, Dajana; McMullin, David R.; Dall'Asta, Chiara; Ayeni, Kolawole I.; Warth, Benedikt; Huang, Mei; Tittlemier, Sheryl A.; Mats, Lili; Cao, Rong; Sulyok, Michael; Xu, Kangkang; Berthiller, Franz; Kuhn, Michael; Cramer, Benedikt; Ciasca, Biancamaria; Lattanzio, Veronica M. T.; De Baere, Siegrid; Croubels, Siska; DesRochers, Natasha; Sura, Srinivas; Bates, Jennifer; Wright, Elliott James; Thapa, Indira; Blackwell, Barbara A.; Zhang, Kai; Wong, Jon W.; Burns, Laura; Borts, David J.; Sumarah, Mark W.
    Monitoring for mycotoxins in food or feed matrices is necessary to ensure the safety and security of global food systems. Due to a lack of standardized methods and individual laboratory priorities, most institutions have developed their own methods for mycotoxin determinations. Given the diversity of mycotoxin chemical structures and physicochemical properties, searching databases, and comparing data between institutions is complicated. We previously introduced incorporating a retention index (RI) system into liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based mycotoxin determinations. To validate this concept, we designed an interlaboratory study where each participating laboratory was sent N-alkylpyridinium-3-sulfonates (NAPS) RI standards, and 36 mycotoxin standards for analysis using their pre-optimized LC-MS methods. Data from 44 analytical methods were submitted from 24 laboratories representing various manufacturer platforms, LC columns, and mobile phase compositions. Mycotoxin retention times (tR) were converted to RI values based on their elution relative to the NAPS standards. Trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol) showed tR consistency (± 20–50 RI units, 1–5 % median RI) regardless of mobile phase or type of chromatography column in this study. For the remaining mycotoxins tested, the RI values were strongly impacted by the mobile phase composition and column chemistry. The ability to predict tR was evaluated based on the median RI mycotoxin values and the NAPS tR. These values were corrected using Tanimoto coefficients to investigate whether structurally similar compounds could be used as anchors to further improve accuracy. This study demonstrated the power of employing an RI system for mycotoxin determinations, further enhancing the confidence of identifications.
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    Natural occurrence, exposure assessment & risk characterization of Alternaria mycotoxins in apple by‑products in Argentina
    (Springer, 2023-04-03) Pavicich, María Agustina; De Boevre, Marthe; Vidal, Arnau; Mikula, Hannes; Warth, Benedikt; Marko, Doris; De Saeger, Sarah; Patriarca, Andrea
    Data on the natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in apple by-products is lacking in Argentina and the risk of exposure to these mycotoxins has not been characterized before. The levels of alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), tenuazonic acid (TeA), tentoxin (TEN), altertoxin-I (ATX-I), altertoxin-II (ATX-II), alternariol 3-sulfate (AOH-3-S), alternariol 3-glucoside (AOH-3-G), alternariol monomethyl ether 3-sulfate (AME-3-S), and alternariol monomethyl ether 3-glucoside (AME-3-G) were determined in clarified and cloudy apple juices, marmalades, and apple-based infant food from the Argentinean market, and the risk of exposure was characterized. Detectable levels of AME, TEN, TeA, AME-3-S and AOH-3-G were found in clarified juices, while the same mycotoxins plus AOH were found in cloudy apple juices in higher concentrations. AME, TEN, TeA and AOH-3G were detected in marmalades, and AOH, AME, TEN and TeA in apple infant food. Probabilistic exposure assessment and risk characterization were carried out for children between 6 months and 5 years old in Argentina. The highest risk of exposure affected children between 6 and 23 months from the consumption of apple infant food and mainly associated with the alternariols. Better control strategies to prevent the incorporation of Alternaria mouldy core into the process line and the establishment of legislation for Alternaria mycotoxins are needed in Argentina.