CERES :: Browsing by Author "Simms, Nigel"

Browsing by Author "Simms, Nigel"

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Open Access
An approach to evaluating the impact of contaminants on flux deposition in gas turbines
(Springer, 2023-08-18) Mori, Stefano; Mendil, Mathilde; Wells, Jonathan; Chapman, Neil; Simms, Nigel; Wells, Roger; Sumner, Joy
Gas turbines are a key part of many countries’ power generation portfolios, but components such as blades can suffer from hot corrosion attack, which can decrease component lifetimes. Corrosion is driven by impurity levels in the fuel and air (e.g., species containing sulphur and/or alkali metals) and depends on environmental conditions (e.g., air pollution, seawater droplets), that can lead to formation of harmful species in the gas. Understanding and determining the deposition flux of such contaminants is crucial for understanding the problem. Thermodynamic simulations were used to determine types and amounts of potentially corrosive contaminants, this was followed by deposition fluxes calculations. An operating scenario, based upon an offshore platform was evaluated. The effectiveness of different filtration systems has been evaluated. The impurity levels of alkali metals, such as sodium, greatly impacts the calculated deposition flux of species linked to corrosion attack. The presence of Na2SO4, and K2SO4 was found, at temperature representative of stage 2 nozzle guide vanes. Lowering sulphur input (from fuel or air) can be an efficient way to decrease deposition, attention must also be paid to lowering the amount of alkali metal entering the gas turbine, which can be lowered by the filtration systems’ correct use.
Open Access
An assessment of different extraction and quantification methods of penta- and hexa-chlorobenzene from SRF fly-ash
(Elsevier, 2017-01-26) Balampanis, Dimitris E.; Coulon, Frederic; Simms, Nigel; Longhurst, Philip J.; Pollard, Simon J. T.; Fenech, Cecilia; Villa, Raffaella
Highly chlorinated benzenes, produced in the presence of organic matter and chlorine, are considered PCDD/Fs precursors, and are used as cost and time convenient substitute indicators for the indirect measurement of the latter. In this study penta- and hexa-chlorobenzene are quantified for the determination of the organochloride load of fly ash from solid recovered fuel incineration. Some of the chlorobenzenes are formed under ‘de novo’ conditions, through heterogeneous (ash particles/flue gases) reactions and are therefore deeply incorporated within fly ash. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and ultrasonic solvent extraction (USE), along with the equivalent clean-up methods suggested by literature were compared to traditional Soxhlet. The extraction efficiencies achieved were 83 ± 7.5% for Soxhlet, 111 ± 19% for PFE, and 67 ± 17% for ultrasonication. Soxhlet extraction and clean-up through a multilayer silica gel column gave more precise results compared to the other sample preparation methods. Furthermore, performance comparison of gas chromatography fitted with either a mass spectrometer operated in single ion monitoring mode (GC-MS-SIM), or electron capture detector (GC- ECD) highlighted that ECD can be used for measuring chlorobenzenes traces down to 0.21 ng g−1, when the equivalent LOQ for MS-SIM was 3.26 ng g−1. The results further suggest that ECD can provide better peak integration than MS-SIM in the detection of chlorobenzenes in fly ash extracts, due to the detector's sensitivity to halogenated compounds.
Open Access
A comparative evaluation of waste wood and herbaceous biomass fireside corrosion behaviours
(Elsevier, 2022-05-13) Sanusi, Toyin; Sumner, Joy; Simms, Nigel
Biomass/biomass waste (BBW) is a renewable energy source fired in combustion power plants. However, challenges associated include accelerated ‘fireside’ corrosion of heat exchangers. Fireside corrosion is fuel dependent, e.g. virgin wood fuels have lower fireside corrosion risks; as such their demand and cost is high. Waste wood fuels (WWF) and herbaceous grass biomass (HGB), generate different combustion environments, influencing heat exchanger fireside corrosion damage. This paper compares the fireside corrosion of WWF and HGB fuels to improve understanding of their attack mechanisms on T91 and 374HFG. The species generated in combustion have been investigated by thermodynamic modelling. Corrosion damage has been evaluated by high temperature corrosion furnace tests at 600 °C, employing the well-established deposit recoat method based on these evolved species. Vapour condensation fluxes have been compared for both fuel categories; corrosion rates increase with this condensation flux. Deposition fluxes from HGB fuels are higher than for WWF. For example, the average KCl deposition fluxes calculated are 1566 µg/cm2h and 295 µg/cm2h per kg fuel feed respectively, explaining the comparatively greater fireside corrosion rates experienced in power plants combusting HGB fuels. The deposit chemistries generated are also different: K-containing compounds only (for HGB fuels) versus K-, Na- and Ca-containing compounds (for WWF). Evaluation of corroded samples exposed to the different deposit chemistries show increased corrosion attack to both steels under simulated WWF firing conditions than for the HGB at matched deposit flux (100 µg/cm2h).
Open Access
Corrosion of potential first stage blade materials in simulated supercritical CO2
(Taylor and Francis, 2023-05-04) Norman, Boma Phoebe; Al Baroudi, Hisham; Potter, Andrew; Mori, Stefano; Simms, Nigel; Kulkarni, Anand; Sumner, Joy
Global power consumption is predicted to double by 2050, notably driven by the transportation and energy sectors necessitating limitations of emissions. Due to its compact turbomachinery, better thermal efficiency, and simpler layout, supercritical-CO2 cycles have received attention, with numerous variations proposed (either indirect-fired/closed cycles or direct-fired-open cycles). One technical challenge is degradation pathway quantification of turbine materials in sCO2 as selection is crucial to successfully and economically operate new plants. This requires degradation assessment in representative environments simulating the Allam cycle. Laboratory tests were conducted on a first stage turbine blade alloy, CM247, with either an environmentally resistant coating or bond coat/thermal barrier coat at one atmosphere and 800°C, with potential exposure including (O2, H2O, N2, SO2) for up to 1000 h. Weight change and metallographic measurements tracked scale development. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy studied scales and internal precipitates. Locations of contaminant element in the CO2-rich environment were investigated.
Open Access
Data for the paper titled Analysis of Combined Static Load and Low Temperature Hot Corrosion Induced Cracking in CMSX-4 at 550°C
(Cranfield University, 2020-02-03 08:09) Gray, Simon; Brooking, Laurie; Nicholls, John; Sumner, Joy; Simms, Nigel; J. Tatlock, Gordon; Dawson, Karl
Presentation containing figures within the paper
Open Access
Deposition prediction in a pilot scale pulverized fuel-fired combustor
(Elsevier, 2019-05-27) Chiara, Riccio; Simms, Nigel; Oakey, John
Fossil fuels have traditionally been used in power generation systems and represent the main source of greenhouse gas emissions from this sector. Renewable fuels, especially biomass, are now being substituted for fossil fuels to reduce CO2 emissions. Co-firing biomass with coal, which has been widely practised in the UK and Europe, is one route to reduce the environmental impact of using coal. However, the deposition of ash particles and vapour species on heat exchanger surfaces during operation is a serious issue in pulverised coal and biomass fired power plant as this reduces the plant thermal efficiency and can cause fireside corrosion, which limits component lives. Deposit formation is difficult to predict as it varies with many factors including: boiler geometry, combustion conditions and fuel composition. Computational Fluid Dynamics (i.e. CFD) is one of the best modelling tools to study the flow behaviour of gases and particles around heat exchanger tubes and predict deposition. This work used an Eulerian-Lagrangian model to describe the gas flow field around tubes and the solid ash particle trajectories respectively. User Defined Functions (i.e. UDFs) were developed for the CFD package to enable the prediction of deposit growth, deposit shape and temperature gradients around superheater/reheater tubes. Deposit build up insulates such tubes from the flow of the hot combusted gas stream and reduces heat transfer between this gas stream and the steam coolant following within the tubes, thus raising the deposit temperature. The CFD-based predictions generated were consistent with available literature data. The CFD deposition model has been applied to predict deposition on air cooled ceramic probes in a 100 kWth pilot-scale, pulverized fuel (PF) combustor and compared to deposition data measured after the combustor rig runs. For modelling purposes, the geometry was simplified to a two-dimensional domain with inert spherical ash particles dispersed in air and injected at an inlet plane. Experimental data from a series of rig runs have been used to test this CFD deposition modelling approach
Open Access
Devices and methods for wet gas flow metering: a comprehensive review
(Elsevier, 2024-01-07) Salehi, Seyed Milad; Lao, Liyun; Xing, Lanchang; Simms, Nigel; Drahm, Wolfgang
Wet gas is commonly encountered in various industries, including energy, chemical, and electric power sectors. For example, natural gas extracted from production often contains small amounts of liquid, such as water and hydrocarbon condensates, which classifies it as wet gas. The presence of liquid within the gas poses challenges for accurate flow measurement. To improve the performances of wet gas flow metering methods, significant research and development efforts have been invested into the wet gas flow metering technologies due to their vital importance in the production, transfer, and trade benefits. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the recent development of wet gas flow metering. Firstly, a comprehensive discussion of the Lockhart-Martinelli parameter (Xlm) and its relation to the gas void fraction (Óg) is presented, which was mostly overlooked in previous wet gas research work. The occurrence of various flow patterns in wet gas conditions at different orientations (horizontal and vertical) was explored. Following an investigation of pressure impact on the wet gas flow patterns and development of the wet gas regions, a different test matrix for further research work was suggested. After a novel classification of wet gas measurement methods, the paper offers a detailed comparison of differential pressure (DP) meters including Venturi, Cone meter, and orifice meters, by considering both liquid and gas flow rate measurements. Secondly, the paper discusses and compares vortex flow meters, Coriolis and ultrasonic meters in comparison to DP meters. Notable phase fraction meters are also examined and compared to one another. Thirdly, the paper reviewed the concept of existing and potential hybrid wet gas meters, conducting a detailed discussion and comparison with commercial solutions by evaluating their ranges and accuracies. This assessment provides valuable insights into the capabilities of these hybrid meters, highlighting their potential to enhance the measurement of wet gas flow rates.
Open Access
A dimensional metrology-based approach for corrosion measurement of ship grade steels exposed to various marine environmental conditions
(Taylor and Francis/Maney, 2021-04-04) Abbas, Muntazir; Simms, Nigel; Laoa, Liyun; Malik, Owais A.; Syed, A. U.; Sarfraz, Syed Ali; Ashraf, Luqman; Rizvibar, Syed Haider M.
Corrosion-induced degradation in marine steel structures is highly dependent on the surrounding environmental conditions and sea water compositions that varies significantly around global sea water bodies. This research investigates the corrosion behaviour of ship-grade steels exposed under different sea water compositions and environmental conditions typical of the Arabian Sea. More, environmental conditions spanning those anticipated for the shipping structures operating in the highly saline and warmest regions in the Arabian Sea have been simulated in laboratory-based experiments by using heated and aerated artificial sea water. Following their exposures, the corrosion performance of coupons has been investigated using the standard weight loss and a new dimensional metrology-based approach. Besides, the corrosion products formed on the steel surfaces have been characterised using various analytical techniques. Considerably higher corrosion losses and maximum corrosion depths were observed in the nutrient-rich polluted sea waters than those recorded in the natural sea waters, as well as in the simulated artificial sea water conditions.
Open Access
The effects of water vapour on the hot corrosion of gas turbine blade materials at 700 °C
(Taylor & Francis, 2022-03-28) Potter, Andrew; Sumner, Joy; Simms, Nigel
Future developments in power generation are likely to require gas turbines to operate in novel combustion environments. The level of water vapour in the turbine’s gas stream is one variable that may change as a consequence. This paper explores the effects of water vapour on hot corrosion. The ‘deposit recoat’ technique was used to evaluate the hot corrosion performance of superalloys PWA 1483 and MarM 509 in atmospheres containing between 0 and 20 vol.% water vapour. Exposures were carried out at 700 °C in atmospheres containing 300 ppm SO2 for up to 500 hours. The deposit was an 80% Na2SO4, 20% K2SO4 solution applied with a deposition flux of 1.5 µg/cm2/h. The findings are compared to similar exposures with 3.6 ppm SO2. Increasing levels of water vapour were observed to reduce sound metal loss in atmospheres containing 300 ppm SO2 while increasing sound metal loss in atmospheres containing 3.6 ppm SO2.
Open Access
Environmental impact on the corrosion behavior of marine grade steel in the Arabian Sea conditions - a comparative analysis of field and laboratory based corrosion tests
(UCTEA Chamber Of Metallurgical and Materials Engineers, 2021-06-12) Abbas, Muntazir; Simms, Nigel; Lao, Liyun; Malik, Owais A.; Ashraf, Luqman
Corrosion-induced degradation of marine steel structures is highly dependent on the surrounding environmental conditions and so varies significantly around global seawaters. This research has investigated the dependence of corrosion of carbon steel alloy for marine service on seawater composition and climatic conditions typical of the Arabian Sea. Natural and polluted seawater sites in the Arabian Sea were selected for field exposures. In addition, environmental conditions spanning those anticipated for the shipping structures operating in the Arabian Sea have been simulated in laboratorybased experiments by using heated and aerated artificial seawater. Following their exposures, the performance of samples have been investigated using the weight-loss and dimensional metrology methods. High overall corrosion losses were observed in the polluted seawaters than in the natural seawater conditions of Arabian Sea.
Open Access
Evaluation of the effects of highly saline and warm seawaters on corrosivity of marine assets
(DECHEMA, 2019-09-13) Abbas, Muntazir; Simms, Nigel; Syed, Ali Sarfaraz; Malik, Owais Ahmed; Sumner, Joy
In marine environment, the corrosion rate of metallic structures vary remarkably with the change in climatic conditions and seawater composition across geographical locations. The corrosion in brackish and polluted seawaters is even more complicated due to the presence of different chemical species and untreated effluents. The complex correlation between the above average temperature and salinity with the high nutrient content in polluted seawater tends to accelerate the rate of biological activities and microbiological induced corrosion (MIC). This research paper has investigated the short-term corrosion of cupronickel (Cu-Ni) 90/10 alloy, and mild steel in the highly saline and warm seawaters. Field experiments for general corrosion under fully immersed condition were conducted at two site locations, represented as site 1 for pollutantrich seawaters and site 2 for natural seawaters in the North Indian Ocean. The experiments were conducted for a period of up to two months and coupons for each metal alloy were recovered from both sites after an exposure period of 15, 30, 45, and 60 days, respectively. In both environmental conditions, significantly high mass loss and corrosion rates were recorded for each metal alloys. Despite the same temperature of seawater and immersion depth at both sites, average corrosion losses at site 1 were found to be 5 and 3 times higher than that of site 2 for Cu-Ni alloy 90/10, and mild steel coupons, respectively.
Open Access
Fireside corrosion and deposition on heat exchangers in biomass combustion systems
(Taylor and Francis, 2022-10-31) Mori, Stefano; Sanusi, Toyin; Simms, Nigel; Sumner, Joy
To address climate change, power plants need to switch to greener fuels. One possible fuel is biomass; a carbon neutral/low carbon fuel. However biomasses’ chemistries are both different from coal’s and vary depending on their sources, containing unique levels of the trace elements (e.g., Cl and S) capable of altering the degradation of heat-exchangers. As such, an understanding of the effects of these variations on fireside corrosion is needed. Laboratory testing exposed alloys T91 and TP347HFG in a simulated agricultural product combustion environment at 600°C (up to 1000h; 100h cycles). Three different deposits mixtures were investigated (comprised of KCl, K2SO4, Na2SO4, CaSO4 indifferent percentages) mimicking accelerated corrosion from different biomasses. Corrosion behaviour was found to be dependant on both alloy and deposit chemistries, with the two materials showing different responses. The deposit with lowest KCl showed lowest corrosion damage, while the highest KCl deposit showed more aggressive behaviour.
Open Access
Fireside corrosion of heat exchanger materials for advanced solid fuel fired power plants
(Springer, 2021-12-18) Mori, Stefano; Pidcock, Andy; Sumner, Joy; Simms, Nigel; Oakey, John
To address the challenge of climate change, future energy systems need to have reduced greenhouse gas emissions and increased efficiencies. For solid fuel fired combustion plants, one route towards achieving this is to increase the system’s steam temperatures and pressures. Another route is to co-fire renewable fuels (such as biomass) with coals. Fireside corrosion performance of two candidate superheater/reheater alloys has been characterised at higher heat exchanger surface temperature. Samples of the alloys (a stainless steel, Sanicro 25 and a nickel-based alloy, IN740) were exposed in fireside corrosion tests at 650 °C, 700 °C and 750 °C, in controlled atmosphere furnaces using the ‘deposit recoat’ test method to simulate superheater/reheater exposure for 1000 h. After exposure, the samples were analysed using dimensional metrology to determine the extent and distributions of corrosion damage in terms of surface recession and internal damage. At 650 °C, the stainless steel and nickel-based alloy performed similarly, while at 700 °C and above, the median damage to the steel was at least 3 times greater than for the nickel-based alloy. Optical and electronic microscopy studies were used to study samples’ damage morphologies after exposure. Intergranular damage and pits were found in sample cross sections, while chromium depletion was found in areas with internal damage. For high-temperature applications, the higher cost of the nickel-based alloy could be offset by the longer life they would allow in plant with higher operating temperatures.
Open Access
Fireside performance of different coatings in biomass power plant
(Taylor & Francis, 2023-03-12) Mori, Stefano; Pidcock, Andy; Sumner, Joy; Simms, Nigel; Oakey, John
The energy sector will need to employ novel strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as the increase of steam temperatures/pressures or the use of low carbon fuels (i.e. biomass). Both cause heat exchanger materials’ degradation issues, due to the formation of more/different corrosive deposits, which requires the use of expensive nickel-based materials or coatings. This paper focuses on the behaviour of three different coatings (HVOF NiCrFeSi, laser clad FeCrAl and Laser Clad NiCrFeSi) deposited on TP347HFG, at 700°C (up to 1000 h exposure). Tests were performed using the ‘deposit recoat’ method (KCl deposit) in simulated biomass combustion environments. Cross-sections were analysed using dimensional metrology, to determine distributions of metal loss and internal damage. Intergranular damage and pits were identified using SEM/EDX. A ‘diffusion cell’ behaviour was observed, which led to depletion of alloying elements from the coating and consequent increase in damage. The results suggested a severe degradation of all coatings.
Open Access
Further investigations into alloy induced acidic fluxing
(Taylor and Francis, 2023-06-04) Potter, Andrew; Sumner, Joy; Simms, Nigel
Gas turbine materials often feature precipitates containing refractory metals to enhance their mechanical strength. This can make them susceptible to alloy-induced acidic fluxing whereby refractory elements increase the acidity of salt deposits. It is not clear to what degree degradation around alloy precipitates is caused by alloy-induced hot corrosion mechanisms, or the inability to develop a protective scale where precipitates are located. The effect of alloy-induced hot corrosion was isolated from the disruption of the protective-scale formation by adding particles of molybdenum to the 80/20 (Na/K)2SO4 deposit for a ‘deposit re-coat’ style hot corrosion test. The resulting morphologies were compared to samples exposed without the addition of molybdenum. Morphology changes were investigated using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray mapping. Results show a mix of sulphidation and pitting. The effects of molybdenum additions appear more severe for MarM 509 compared to PWA 1483.
Open Access
High temperature corrosion of HVOF coatings in laboratory-simulated biomass combustion superheater environments
(Springer, 2022-12-26) Pidcock, Andy; Mori, Stefano; Sumner, Joy; Simms, Nigel; Nicholls, John; Oakey, John
This study examines the fireside corrosion of FeCrAl, NiCr, NiCrAlY and A625 coatings applied by ‘high velocity oxy fuel’(HVOF) and exposed to simulated biomass firing conditions (gas composition CO2, N2, SO2 and HCl). The coatings and a typical base steel alloy (T92) were exposed to simulated conditions at 600 °C for 1000 h in a laboratory scale furnace. Samples were coated with a potassium chloride deposit. Samples were then cold mounted in a low-shrinkage epoxy resin and then cross-sectioned. Corrosion was assessed by dimensional metrology comparing the coating thickness change of the samples. The cross-sections of the ‘worst’ and ‘best’ coatings were examined. Results show that all but one coating (HVOF NiCr) outperformed the T92 alloy. No coating composition or method was conclusively better. Evidence of Cr depletion as well as the formation of a sulphidation layer have been found in the exposed samples with coatings. The formation of a K2SO4 layer has also been observed on all coated specimens.
Open Access
Interaction of hot corrosion fatigue and load dwell periods on a nickel-base single crystal superalloy
(Elsevier, 2018-07-25) Brooking, Laurie; Gray, Simon; Sumner, Joy; Nicholls, John R.; Simms, Nigel
The effects of type II hot corrosion on the fatigue resistance of turbine blade superalloys is of growing interest as gas turbine (GT) original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) strive to optimise the operational efficiencies and versatilities of GT systems. Hot corrosion fatigue has been observed in the under platform regions of first stage GT blades, this location is subject to both relatively high principal stresses and stress gradients, combined with temperatures up to those associated with type II hot corrosion (500–700 °C). The effect of the deposition flux of corrosive salt species and the tensile stress dwell period on the fatigue performance and resultant crack morphologies of single crystal (SC) superalloy CMSX-4 has been studied at 550 °C. Deposit recoat methodologies were applied to specimens that were cyclically fatigued with a load-controlled trapezoidal waveform. It was observed that introducing a longer dwell period increased the number of {1 0 0} crack initiations and reduced the fatigue life (load cycles to failure). Optical and SEM microscopy and EDX techniques were used to examine specimen fractography, and mechanisms of crack advance and propagation discussed.
Open Access
Kinetics of duplex oxide growth on 9Cr steels exposed in CO2: application of dimensional metrology
(Springer, 2017-04-05) Sumner, Joy; Simms, Nigel; Shin, Aya; Pearson, Jonathan
Investigations into potentially extending the lives of UK advanced gas-cooled reactors have highlighted the need for improved understanding of the long-term oxidation and carburisation of 9Cr ferritic steels. These steels were used in evaporators and primary superheaters and as these are to be used beyond their original design lives, it is necessary to ensure that these degradation routes remain within acceptable levels. A dimensional metrology technique has been applied to archived autoclave samples to measure such damage. These samples had previously been exposed to a range of temperatures, pressures and gas chemistries representative of those experienced by 9Cr steels in CO2-rich AGR gases. Earlier sample assessments had focused on weight change measurements, but the dimensional technique enables measurement of duplex oxide thicknesses around samples and the extraction of related data from longer exposure times. These data also support estimation of the extent of both carbon and oxygen uptake.
Open Access
Modelling of microstructural evolution in multi-layered overlay coatings
(Springer, 2017-07-17) Simms, Nigel; Nicholls, John R.; Karunaratne, M. S.; Jepson, M. A.; Thomson, R. C.
Functionally graded, multi-layered coatings are designed to provide corrosion protection over a range of operating conditions typically found in industrial gas turbines. A model incorporating diffusion, equilibrium thermodynamics and oxidation has been developed to simulate the microstructural evolution within a multi-layered coating system. The phase and concentration profiles predicted by the model have been compared with an experimental multi-layered system containing an Al-rich outer layer, a Cr-enriched middle layer and an MCrAlY-type inner layer deposited on a superalloy substrate. The concentration distribution and many microstructural features observed experimentally can be predicted by the model. The model is expected to be useful for assessing the microstructural evolution of multilayer coated systems which can be potentially used on industrial gas turbine aerofoils.
Open Access
Natural gas flaring management system: a novel tool for sustainable gas flaring reduction in Nigeria
(MDPI, 2023-01-31) Abu, Robin; Patchigolla, Kumar; Simms, Nigel; Anthony, Edward J.
The use of hydrocarbon fuels increases with population growth and rising standards of living, and so does natural gas flaring. Natural gas flaring is both a waste of natural resources and a violation of Nigeria’s energy policy for sustainable development through natural gas conservation. However, it remains the most cost-efficient and effective associated natural gas (ANG) management option in developing countries such as Nigeria. The World Bank’s initiative to eliminate routine gas flaring by 2030 has increased the need to limit or eliminate routine gas flaring. Often, studies on natural gas utilisation techniques fail to consider the lack of practical tools that integrate economic, technical, and regulatory factors into a gas flaring management framework, and the intricacies of existing tools, which often come at the expense of simplicity to achieve real-time information output. This paper aims to establish a framework and ANG management tool to reduce regular gas flaring in Nigeria. This research established a management framework (using a flowchart decision tree) and models to provide a user-friendly ANG flaring tool (using a MATLAB graphical front end user interface with back-end ASPEN HYSYS thermodynamic models). This was combined with techno-economic models for liquefied natural gas, gas-to-methanol, and gas-to-wire ANG utilisation options. The tool was then tested with data obtained from Fields Y and X in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The results, considering both economic and technical factors, showed that the choice of liquefied natural gas for Field Y was best due to its proximity to the pipeline infrastructure and its cost-effectiveness, and the availability of a high-demand LNG market for that area. For Field X, gas-to-wire was best due to its proximity to the electrical grid and high electricity requirements for that area. Additional geographical profiles in West Africa and ANG utilisation alternatives were recommended for further investigation. This paper developed and validated a one-of-a-kind ANG flaring management tool that incorporates techno-economic analysis of selected ANG utilisation options to assist operators and investors in making more profitable investment decisions.

Browsing by Author "Simms, Nigel"

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